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Generalizations

Generalizations. 1. Distinguishing social relationships : Solidarity / Status (??) 2. Distinguishing contextual styles : Formality 3. Expressing basic speech functions : Referential / Affective 4. Language change: Language variation / Social variation.

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Generalizations

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  1. Generalizations 1. Distinguishing social relationships: Solidarity / Status (??) 2. Distinguishing contextual styles: Formality 3. Expressing basic speech functions: Referential / Affective 4. Language change: Language variation / Social variation Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 450. 1/7

  2. Sociolinguistic Universal 1 IF There is a reciprocal use of something like tu for solidarity It is accompanied by its use to show power Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 450. 2/7

  3. Sociolinguistic Universal 2 IF A feature (like h- dropping) shows a shift in style (formality) It will also signal a difference in social group Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 450. 3/7

  4. Sociolinguistic Universal 3 AS Social distance or status/power difference increases More negative politeness forms will be used Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 450. 4/7

  5. Topics NOT Adequately Covered (because of space constraints)  Globalization of English  Many applied sociolinguistic topics  Bilingual education gets only a mention  Implications for L2 learning Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 452. 5/7

  6. Encouraging Sociolinguistic Competence 1 Seek to understand:  Linguistic relativity (variation across cultures)  Sociolinguistic rules (what English/American ones—and Chinese ones are) Help them sound / come across the way they want to and successfully carry out speech functions  Potential for misunderstanding How to avoid it 6/7

  7. Encouraging Sociolinguistic Competence 2 Seek to understand:  Culture Shock How to immunize against it with culture capsules, etc.  English in a globalized world; lingua franca 7/7

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