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(1850-1909). Hermann Ebbinghaus. Experiments on Memory. First half of 20th century Methods based on associationism Strength of associations Forgetting. Second half of 20th century Information processing (based on computer model) Memory systems (iconic, working, long-term memory).
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(1850-1909) Hermann Ebbinghaus
Experiments on Memory First half of 20th century Methods based on associationism Strength of associations Forgetting • Second half of 20th century • Information processing (based on computer model) • Memory systems (iconic, working, long-term memory)
Basic Memory Processes Encoding(Code and put into memory) Storage(Maintain in memory) Retrieval(Recover from memory)
COMPUTER VS. HUMAN MEMORY COMPUTER HUMAN PERMANENT X PERFECT X PARTIAL X VARIES WITH TIME X LOCALIZED X UNLIMITED CAPACITY X INFLUENCED BY MEANING X
Chinese Room Problem Man in room full of Chinese-English translation books. Man knows no Chinese. Chinese text English text Man in room is a fluent Chinese-English interpreter Chinese text English text Do both men know Chinese?
Three Types of Memory • Iconic (Sensory) Memory: 100-300 msec. • Short Term (Working) Memory: 1-30 sec. • Long Term Memory: > 2 min.
Maintenance Rehearsal • sheer repetition • mechanical • no attention to meaning • little effort Elaborative rehearsal • focus on meaning • relations between items • organization
M YES NO
B YES NO
T YES NO
N YES NO
6 YES NO
Parallel Processing All items perceived simultaneously. Reaction time is not influenced by # of items.
Serial Processing Items perceived successively. Reaction time is influenced by # of items.
Serial ProcessingSelf-terminating search Items perceived successively. Reaction time on “no” trials should be twice as long as on “yes” trials.
Serial ProcessingSerial exhaustive search Items perceived successively. Reaction time on “yes” trials should be same as on “no” trials.
HM A 29 year old motor-winder who had been rendered incapable of work by his frequent severe seizures. Because of his desperate condition, Dr. Scoville carried out a radical bilateral medial temporal-lobe resection on Sept 1, 1953. He knew that he had had a brain operation, but I think only because the possibility had been entertained for so many years before the operation was finally performed. He kept saying, “It is as though I am just waking up from a dream; it seems as though it has just happened.”
As far as we can tell this man has retained little if anything of the events subsequent to operation, although his IQ rating is actually slightly higher than before. Ten months before I examined him his family had moved from their old house to a new one a few blocks away on the same street.He still has not learned the new address, though remembering the old one perfectly nor can he be trusted to find his way home alone. He does not know where objects constantly in use are kept; for example, his mother still has to tell him where to find the lawnmower, even though he may have been using it only the day before. She also states that he will do the same jigsaw puzzles day after day without showing any practice effect and that he will read the same magazines over and over without finding their contents familiar. [Milner, 1959, p. 49]
Patient HM Normal STM Normal LTM (for events prior to surgery) Severe anterograde amnesia Problem: transfer from STM to LTM Could not consolidate new declarativeknowledge Capable of acquiring implicit knowledge
Declarative Memory Knowing That Episodic (autobiographical knowledge) Conscious recollection Semantic (general knowledge) Experiments on free recall, recognition
