Chapter 9 (Continued)

1. Chapter 9 (Continued) • 7th Grade • January-February 2012 • 2nd period go to slide 3 • 6th period go to slide 2 • 7th period go to slide 3

2. Sec 2: moving cellular materials 22. Diffusion is a form of active transport. 23. Diffusion happens when molecules move away from areas where there are more of them into areas fewer of them. 24. Diffusion stops when the molecules of one substance are spread evenly throughout another substance and equilibrium occurs.

3. Sec 2: moving cellular materials 25.The diffusion of water through a cell membrane is called osmosis. 26. In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins help move substances into and out of the cell.

4. Sec 2: moving cellular materials 27. Active transport requires energy to move substances through a cell membrane.

5. Sec 2: moving cellular materials 28. Endocytosis is the process in which a substance is taken into a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane, forming a sphere called a vesicle. (taxi!!)

6. Sec 2: moving cellular materials 29.Exocytosis is the process in which the membrane of the vesicle fuses with the cell’s membrane and the vesicle’s cargo is released outside the cell. (or the cargo EXITS!)

7. Sec 3: energy of life 30. Cells use chemical reactions to change the chemical energy stored in food into forms of energy needed to perform activities or jobs within the cell.

8. Sec 3: energy of life 31. Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions in an organism. 32. The chemical reactions of metabolism require enzymes.

9. Sec 3: energy of life 33. Photosynthesis is the process that plants and other organisms use to convert light energy into chemical energy or sugars (like glucose) to be used as food.

10. Sec 3: energy of life 34. Chlorophyll and other pigments are used in photosynthesis to capture light energy which is used to produce sugar and oxygen. chlorophyll in a cell

11. Sec 3: energy of life 35. Producers are organisms that make their own food. (ex. plants)

12. Sec 3: energy of life 36. Consumers are organisms that can’t make their own food. (ex. humans, animals, etc)

13. Sec 3: energy of life 37. Cellular respiration is the process in which chemical reactions break down food molecules into simpler substances and released stored energy.

14. Sec 3: energy of life 38. Cellular respiration of carbohydrates begins in the cytoplasm. 39. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose. 40. Each glucose molecule is broken down into two simpler molecules, releasing energy.

15. Sec 3: energy of life 41. cellular respiration moves into the mitochondria. 42.The two simpler molecules are broken down again, releasing much more energy. 43. This process uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxideand water as waste.

16. Sec 3: energy of life 44. Fermentation is used by cells that do not have enough oxygen for cellular respiration to release some of the stored energy in glucose molecules. (ex. some bacteria use this)

17. Sec 3: energy of life 45. The entire fermentation process occurs in the cytoplasm. 46. The fermentation process produces lactic acid, alcohol, and carbon dioxide as wastes.

18. Sec 3: energy of life 47. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are almost the opposite of each other. 48. photosynthesis produces sugars and oxygen, which are used in cellular respiration.

19. Sec 3: energy of life 49. Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide and water, which are used in photosynthesis When you are finished, complete the following: all will be checked FRIDAY during notebook check.