GET OUT OF THE CAR! ACTORS AND INSTITUTIONS TO CHANGE THE TRANSPORT REGIME

1. GET OUT OF THE CAR!ACTORS AND INSTITUTIONSTO CHANGE THE TRANSPORT REGIME Gerardo Marletto DEIR/CRENoS - University of Sassari CREI – University of Rome “Roma Tre” 2nd International TEMPO Conference

2. Gerardo Marletto – Get out of the car! Actors and institutions to change the transport regime Main question How can we achieve policy change for sustainable transport? My three main arguments 1. I do not agree with mainstream economics. Reaching sustainable transport is not just a matter of promoting modal and technological shift by using economic incentives 2. Mobility is dominated by the car regime. Policies for sustainable transport should aim at • overcoming the inertial dynamics of the existing car regime, and • creating a new regime of sustainable mobility 3. Actors and institutions are the crucial point. Existing actors and institutions support the status quo New actors are weak and scattered and new institutions must be established (Technology is not the crucial point) 2nd International TEMPO Conference

3. Gerardo Marletto – Get out of the car! Actors and institutions to change the transport regime TOPICS 1. Prologue: the long century of the car (1890-20??) 2. The car is a regime 3. Scenarios of transport regimes 4. Epilogue: 2028 - in memoriam of motowns 5. A checklist for policy change 2nd International TEMPO Conference

4. Gerardo Marletto – Get out of the car! Actors and institutions to change the transport regime 1. PROLOGUE: THE LONG CENTURY OF THE CAR (1890-20??) Find the differences! Mulberry Street (Little Italy), NY 2nd International TEMPO Conference

5. Gerardo Marletto – Get out of the car! Actors and institutions to change the transport regime 1. PROLOGUE: THE LONG CENTURY OF THE CAR (1890-20??) 1903: The Electric Vehicle Company and ten petrol car firms create the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers 1916: President Wilson signs the first Federal Aid Road Act, creating the new Bureau of Public Roads 1920’s: GM take control and dismantle electric tram systems 1953: “Engine” Charles Wilson, President of GM, is named Secretary of Defence 1996: the 1990 Californian mandate for zero-emission cars is postponed by five years (and then further delayed) 2nd International TEMPO Conference

6. Gerardo Marletto – Get out of the car! Actors and institutions to change the transport regime Constituents of the car regime • Political institutions • (tacit and explicit rules) • Norms: regulations and policies which favour the car • Political habits: transport policy is influenced by the car industry • Political discourse: “the car as freedom” • Technologies • (artefacts and knowledge) • The car and its dominant design • The built environment (cities tailored to the car) 2. THE CAR IS A REGIME • Markets • (production, consumption, finance, etc.) • Investments on productive capacity • High expenditure on car advertising • Consumers prefer the car • Actors • Core-actors: car industry, oil industry • Non-core actors: road builders and managers, urban developers 2nd International TEMPO Conference

7. Gerardo Marletto – Get out of the car! Actors and institutions to change the transport regime 3. SCENARIOS OF TRANSPORT REGIMES Likelihood CAR REGIME ELECTRICITY REGIME ECO-CITY REGIME Sustainability 2nd International TEMPO Conference

8. Gerardo Marletto – Get out of the car! Actors and institutions to change the transport regime 4. EPILOGUE: IN MEMORIAM OF MOTOWNS 2028: an European vision - Basic data Transport & Environment: • CO2 emissions from transport and km by car are below 2000 level Urban structure: • 63% of medium and large cities have adopted a 3-levels urban/transport system Industrial structure: • Less than 10 global players compete in the market of integrated sustainable urban transport systems (Toyota-BYD-JR; GE-GM-Ballard; AV; Better Place; etc.) • Some car manufacturers stopped producing cars (Fiat-Chrysler; Volkswagen-Audi; etc.) 2nd International TEMPO Conference

9. Gerardo Marletto – Get out of the car! Actors and institutions to change the transport regime 4. EPILOGUE: IN MEMORIAM OF MOTOWNS 2028: an European vision – Policy backcasting Phase 1.1 (2015 - 2019): • network of more than 60 firms and research bodies • goal: develop an integrated electric urban mobility platform Phase 1.2 (2020 - 2022): • 35 pilot cities • goal: experiment, improve and standardise the AV platform Phase 2 (2023 - ): • industrial consortium “AV” (following the Airbus model) • goal: worldwide commercialisation of the AV platform • Reg. 12/2012: new urban developments are admitted only around main public transport nodes • Reg. 112/2012 and 113/2012: car advertising and incentives to buy cars are prohibited Top-down criteria: • 3-levels urban planning + 3Bs transport planning • preference to plans proposed by coalitions of local actors Bottom-up proposals: • more than 800 local plans benefited from EU co-funding 1. Framework regulations (2012): 2. The “Ecocities” programes (2010 - 2017 and 2018 - 2025) 3. The “Alessandro Volta” initiative (2015 - ) 2nd International TEMPO Conference

10. Gerardo Marletto – Get out of the car! Actors and institutions to change the transport regime 5. A CHECKLIST FOR POLICY CHANGE 2nd International TEMPO Conference

11. Gerardo Marletto – Get out of the car! Actors and institutions to change the transport regime 4. A CHECKLIST FOR POLICY CHANGE 2nd International TEMPO Conference

12. Gerardo Marletto – Get out of the car! Actors and institutions to change the transport regime ...and if all else fails... …we still have the final solution… MANY THANKS! marletto@uniss.it 2nd International TEMPO Conference