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Lighting. illumination and falloff lighting instruments technical and non-technical lighting objectives contrast ratio color temperature lighting terms lighting techniques. Falloff. the speed (degree) with which a light picture portion turns into shadow areas. Fast Falloff.
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Lighting • illumination and falloff • lighting instruments • technical and non-technical lighting objectives • contrast ratio • color temperature • lighting terms • lighting techniques
Falloff the speed (degree) with which a light picture portion turns into shadow areas
Fast Falloff fast falloff means that the light areas turn abruptly into shadow areas and there is a great brightness difference between light and shadow areas
Slow Falloff slow falloff indicates a very gradual change from light to dark and a minimal brightness difference between light and shadow areas
Directional and Diffused Illumination • Directional Illumination • illuminates a relatively small area with a distinct light beam • produces well defined shadows and causes fast falloff • use spotlights which emit a directional light beam
Directional and Diffused Illumination • Diffused Illumination • illuminates a relatively large area with a wide indistinct light beam • produces soft, rather undefined shadows and slow falloff • use floodlights which emit a diffused light beam
Spotlights and Floodlights Scoop Floodlight Fresnel Spotlight
Lighting Instruments Fresnel lens Aperture and shutters “Kookie” pattern holder Focusing spindle Lens system Ellipsoidal reflector Diffused light Scoop reflector
Fresnel SpotlightBeam Control Spot - Directional Illumination
Fresnel SpotlightBeam Control Flood - Diffused Illumination
Fresnel SpotlightBeam Control Barn Doors
W-1 W-2 4 4 4 4 4 4 W-4 3 3 3 3 3 3 W-8 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Control Room B-10 B-9 B-12 B-11 B-4 B-3 B-8 B-7 B-6 B-5 B-2 B-1 Mic 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mic 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 W-5 W-3 4 4 4 4 4 4 W-6 Mic W-6 W-5
Technical Lighting Objectives • to provide enough light (baselight) for the camera • to limit the contrast ratio • to provide the proper color temperature
Contrast Ratio Hi : Lo Lux 6000 : 100 fc 60 : 1 Contrast Ratio should be no more than 40:1 The difference between the brightest and the darkest spots in the picture (measured by reflected light in foot-candles).
Color Temperature Color Temperature Low High
Kelvin Scale 1000° 3200° 4000° 5600° >7000° portable light Portable Light Portable lights =3200°K
Kelvin Scale 1000° 3200° 4000° 5600° >7000° portable light studio light Studio Light Studio lights =3200°K
Kelvin Scale 1000° 3200° 4000° 5600° >7000° portable light studio light fluorescent tube Fluorescent Light Fluorescent lights =4000°K
Kelvin Scale 1000° 3200° 4000° 5600° >7000° portable light outdoor rated light studio light fluorescent tube Outdoor Rated Light Outdoor rated lights=5600°K
Kelvin Scale 1000° 3200° 4000° 5600° >7000° portable light outdoor rated light studio light daylight fluorescent tube Daylight Daylight >7000°K Outdoor rated lights=5600°K
No White Balance White Balance White shirt appears white White shirt has bluish tinge Without adjustment Scene has bluish tinge Blue channel reduced White shirt appears white White shirt has orange tinge Scene has orange tinge Without adjustment Red channel reduced White Balance
Mixed Light Sources Mixed color temperature
Kelvin Scale Kelvin Scale 1000° 1000° 3200° 3200° 4000° 4000° 5600° 5600° >7000° >7000° portable light portable light outdoor rated light outdoor rated light studio light studio light daylight daylight fluorescent tube fluorescent tube Mixed Light Sources Mixed color temperature
Kelvin Scale 1000° 3200° 4000° 5600° >7000° portable light studio light Orange gels lower color temperature daylight Mixed Light Sources
Kelvin Scale 1000° 3200° 4000° 5600° >7000° portable light studio light Blue gels raise color temperature daylight Mixed Light Sources
Non-technical (Aesthetic) Lighting Objectives • to indicate form and dimension • to create an illusion of reality or non-reality • to indicate mood
Key Light • principal light source • reveals the basic shape of the object or person Key Light Key
Back Light Back • provides more definition to the actual shape of the subject • separates her from the background • gives sparkle and highlights to her hair Back Light Key
Fill Light Back • makes the shadow side more transparent • reveals details without erasing the form-revealing shadows altogether Fill Fill Light Key
Background or Set Light Back Background or Set • illuminates the background or set area • must be on the same side of the camera as the key light in order to keep shadows on the same side Fill Set Light Key
Lighting Angles and Elevation Key Back Key 30°-45° 45°-55° 35°-40° Back 30°-45° Fill Depends upon height of instrument Depends upon height of instrument
Lighting Ratios Back (same as key: 200 fc or 2,200 lux • lighting ratios differ, depending on the specific lighting task or application • these ratios are a good starting point ———————————— Key : Back : Fill 1 : 1 : 1/2 Background (200 fc or 2,200 lux) Fill (100 fc or 1,100 lux) Key (200 fc or 2,200 lux) Camera
Multiple Triangle Application • a separate lighting triangle with its own key, back, and fill light is used for each subject (or performance area) • you may use floodlights in more than one triangle, but if you have enough instruments, don’t make that compromise Back 2 Fill 1 Person 2 Person 1 Back 1 Fill 2 or Fill 1 & 2 (optional) Key 2 Key 1 Camera
Side Light Back light • strikes the subject from the side • it can act as key and/or fill light • in this case, two opposing side lights are used as key and fill Side (spot, flooded) Side (spot, flooded) Camera
Side Fill Light Back light • gives the key side of the subject basic soft illumination • allows the key to provide accent and sparkle • use a floodlight Side fill light Key light Fill light
Kicker Back light (full intensity) Kicker (full intensity, low-angle position) • rims the subject opposite the key • emphasizes contour • helps separate the foreground subject from the background Fill light Key light
Cross-Keying • the key light for person 1 also functions as back light for person 2 • the back light for person 1 also functions as the key light for person 2 • if you have enough instruments, use separate keys and back lights for each subject Person 2 Back 2 Person 1 Key 1 Back 1 Key 2 Camera
Large Area Lighting • the fresnel spots at the left and right function as key and directional fill light • spots are also strung out as regular back lights behind the main action area • scoops provide additional fill light from the front Spots Spots or floods Spots or floods Floods Camera
High Key Lighting • abundance of bright light • creates high-energy feeling • key light is flooded
Dramatic Lighting • also known as Rembrandt lighting • uses contrast selectively • dimly lit with lots of dark screen areas
Silhouette Lighting • unlighted objects or people in front of background • use only diffused background light