TSE: Instrument Management in Surgery and Dentistry Current CDC Recommendations

1. TSE: Instrument Management in Surgery and DentistryCurrent CDC Recommendations Lynne Sehulster, PhD, M(ASCP) Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, GA 30333

2. Information Resources • WHO Infection Control Guidelines for TSEs - 1999: www.who.int/emc-documents/tse/whocdscsraph2003c.html • CDC Infection control Q & A: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/cjd/cjd_inf_ctrl_qa.htm • CDC Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings - 2003 www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/RR/RR5217.pdf

3. Instrument Management Strategy Elements • Patient Status • Confirmed or suspected CJD case • Low or no risk patient • Tissue infectivity level • High-, Low-, or no infectivity • Instruments and surgical procedures • Tissue contact

4. Tissues and Infectivity:Patients with Confirmed or Suspected CJD • High infectivity tissues: Brain, spinal cord, eyes • Low infectivity tissues: Cerebrospinal fluid, kidneys, liver, lungs, lymph nodes, spleen, placenta Based on Table 2, WHO Infection Control Guidelines for TSEs 1999

5. Neurosurgery: Strategies for Infection Control • Prion-specific reprocessing should be employed for: • Any neurosurgical procedure performed on a confirmed or suspected TSE patient • Neurosurgery performed for diagnosis • Neurosurgery to obtain non-lesionous biopsy material • Consider demographics of TSE patients

6. Decontamination Levels for Risk Categories *WHO Infection Control Guidelines for TSEs: Annex III 1999 **WHO guidance is controversial on this topic.

7. Reprocessing Parameters: TSEHeat-Resistant Instruments • Immerse in 1N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and heat in a gravity displacement autoclave at 121°C for 30 min, cool, clean, rinse, and follow with conventional autoclaving WHO Infection Control Guidelines for TSEs: Annex III 1999 Measures to prevent sodium hydroxide spills in autoclaves include use of a container with rim and lid designed to collect condensation. Use caution. Let cool to minimize exposure to hydroxide vapor. Brown and Merritt. Am J Infect Control 2003; 31: 257-60

8. Reprocessing Parameters: TSEHeat-Resistant Instruments • Immerse in 1N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or 20,000 ppm sodium hypchlorite for 1 hr, transfer to water, heat in a gravity displacement autoclave at 121°C for 1 hr, cool, clean, rinse, and follow with conventional autoclaving; OR • Immerse in 1N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or 20,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite for 1 hr, rinse, heat in gravity displacement autoclave (121°C) or porous load autoclave (134°C) for 1 hr, cool, clean, rinse, and follow with conventional autoclaving. WHO Infection Control Guidelines for TSEs: Annex III 1999

9. Reprocessing Parameters: TSEHeat-Sensitive Instruments • Instruments having contact with high- and low-infectivity tissues • High: brain, spinal cord, eyes • Low: cerebrospinal fluid, kidneys, lungs, liver, lymph nodes, spleen, placenta • Disposable instruments: discard • Reusable instruments: soak in 2N NaOH or undiluted sodium hypochlorite for 1 hr, rinse, clean, reprocess with low-temperature process

10. Inexpensive carbon-steel instruments are easily damaged Gold plating damaged by sodium hypochlorite Soldered and welded joints damaged by sodium hypochlorite Autoclaving in NaOH discolored instruments NaOH did not affect instrument function Chemicals / Autoclaving: Effects on Instruments Brown, Merritt, Woods, Busick: J Biomed Mater Res Part B, 2005; 72: 186-90

11. JCAHO Sentinel Alert No. 20: June 2001 Major points emphasized: • Atypical clinical presentations possible • Time interval between biopsy and pathology report should be as short as possible • Neurosurgical instruments should not be reused while diagnosis is pending JCAHO recommends: • Policies and procedures for appropriate reprocessing • Quarantine instruments until diagnosis is confirmed

12. Practical Advice • Quarantine the instruments: • Suitable if the time interval between surgery and confirmation of the diagnosis is short • Have sufficient instrument inventory to accommodate this practice • Keep instruments moist while awaiting release for decontamination and reprocessing

13. Practical Advice II • To minimize potential exposures to patients in the event that instruments are returned to central sterile units before the diagnosis is confirmed: • Reprocess neurosurgical instruments as recommended • Consider instrument tracking • Restrict instruments in neurosurgery trays to those trays only

14. More Research is Needed • Evaluate decontamination, cleaning, and reprocessing processes as are currently available in health care • Cleaners: enzymatic, alkaline • Terminal reprocessing: peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma • Effects of repeated cycles of cleaning and conventional autoclaving • Potential for prion contamination of other surfaces in reprocessing areas

15. CDC- Infection Control for Known CJD or vCJD Dental Patients • Use single-use disposable items and equipment • Consider items difficult to clean (e.g., endodontic files, broaches, carbide and diamond burs) as single-use disposable and discard after one use

16. CDC- Infection Control for Known CJD or vCJD Dental Patients • Keep instruments moist until cleaned and decontaminated • Clean thoroughly and steam autoclave at 134°C for 18 minutes. This is the least stringent of a list of sterilization methods offered by WHO • Do not use flash sterilization for reprocessing instruments or devices

17. Summary: Dentistry • Risk of transmission of CJD during dental treatment is low • No documentation of prions in human oral tissues • No published reports of an association of CJD infection with dental treatment • Additional precautions beyond Standard Precautions might be warranted for known CJD or vCJD patients

18. CDC Perspective:At-Risk Patients in the U.S. • Blood relative of patient with inheritable forms of TSEs Are asymptomatic individuals truly “at risk?” WHO: no consensus - relatives of familial cases

19. Thank You! Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Infectious Diseases Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion