Types of Sources

1. Types of Sources Primary Source - Sources created by witnesses at the time of an event. A letter from a soldier in War of 1812 An ancient map of a battle plan • Secondary Source – These are sources that are based on interpreting and analyzing primary sources. • A recent history book on the War of 1812 • A biography of a famous person

2. Characteristics of a Reliable Source • Opinions, general statements, and conclusions are supported by facts • Facts can be corroborated by the use of other sources • The source was created at the time of the event it reports • The author is recognized as being knowledgeable and impartial about the subject

3. Examining Historical Sources • Historical Context. The background (time, place, beliefs, events) behind the creation of the source. • Point of View. The author’s opinion about the subject. An author’s point of view is often shaped by the author’s education, life experiences, or social position. • Frame of Reference. These are generally held assumptions at the time that the source was created.

4. Validity of a Source People evaluate a source’s validity based on: • Language of the Source. Is it objective, factual and logical, or emotional and contradictory? • Corroboration with other Sources. Do other sources confirm the same facts? • Information about the Author. Is the author an eye-witness? Does the author have special qualifications? Does the author seem objective or biased?

5. Why Colonists Came to the New World • Encouragement from Rulers/Countries. European rulers sought colonies as new sources of wealth and power. • Mercantilism. Gold and Silver were prized as a source of wealth. Nations measured a nation’s wealth by the gold and silver they had. • ReligiousReasons. Groups came to establish their own religious communities. • BetterLife. Most colonists faced hardships in Europe. Saw colonies as a place to escape famine; offered economic opportunities.

6. Colonization of North America New Spain • Mexico, Cuba, Central America • Missionaries sent to convert Indians. • Encomiendas: forced labor New France • Canada, Great Lakes, Mississippi River • Wanted to establish trading posts for furs. New Netherland. Became NY in 1664 • Introduced the Patroon System. Thirteen British Colonies • Established colonies along Atlantic Coast

7. Key Historic Documents Mayflower Compact (1620) • Document by Pilgrims at plymouth • Pledged themselves to self-government. • They agreed to form their own government and obey its laws. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) • Led by Thomas Hooker; settlers in Connecticut Established self-government. • Although not considered a constitution in the modern sense, the Orders were the basis of Connecticut government from 1639 to 1662.

8. Key Individuals, part 1 • Christopher Columbus. Established Spain’s first settlements in the New World. • Robert de LaSalle. Explored Great Lakes, St Lawrence River, and Mississippi River. • Henry Hudson. Reached New York and sailed up river that bears his name. • Hernando Cortes. Spanish conqueror. • Francisco Pizarro. Spanish conqueror.

9. Key Individuals, part 2 • Roger Williams. Started colony at Rhode Island based on religious toleration. • Lord Baltimore. Began Maryland colony as a haven for England’s Catholics. • William Penn. Founded Pennsylvania colony as a haven for Quakers.

10. Thirteen Colonies There were 13 colonies along the Atlantic Coast, consisting of three distinct regions: • New England Small farms, merchants. Colder climates and rocky soil. • Middle (Atlantic) Colonies Fertile Soils and uncleared forests People of many ethnic and religious backgrounds. • Southern Colonies Warmer climates; grew cash crops Included larger plantations with slaves.

11. Colonial Government English Political Traditions Magna Carta (1215). Guaranteed right of trial by jury; king could not impose new taxes without consent. Parliament. Included lords and elected representatives in the Commons. English Civil War. Parliament established supremacy over the King. English Bill of Rights (1689). Guaranteed that Englishmen had certain rights. Colonial Self-Government. House of Burgesses (1619) Mayflower Compact (1620)

12. Economic and Social Life in Colonies • Economy Based on Mercantilism. Colonists sold raw materials to Britain. Britain sold finished goods to the colonies. This brought wealth to Britain. • Colonial Occupations. Most colonists were farmers. Many were also craftsmen. • Colonial Society. Wealthy landowners and merchants stood at the top, independent farmers were next, followed by craftsmen. At the bottom were unskilled laborers and slaves.

13. Freedom of Religion • Massachusetts. Served as a haven to certain English religious groups: Pilgrims Puritans • Rhode Island. Established religious toleration. Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson • First Great Awakening. Emphasized the power of religion in people’s lives. Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield

14. American Revolution • Causes of Revolution. British wanted to tax colonies to repay debts from the French and Indian War; Colonists felt they were not being represented in British Parliament. Proclamation Line of 1763 Stamp Act (1765) Townshend Acts (1767) Tea Act (1773) Boston Tea Party (1773) Intolerable Acts (1774) • Effects of Revolution. Declaration of Independence (1776) British recognized American independence.

15. Declaration of Independence, 1776 • Issued by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 • Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson • Stated to the world the reasons why the colonies were declaring their independence. • Announced the purpose of government was to protect the people’s unalienable rights – life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. • It declared the right of the people to overthrow a government that oppresses its people. • Included a list of grievances by the colonists against the British King George III

16. Key Revolutionary Battles and Events • Lexington and Concord (1775). Marked the start of the American Revolutionary War. • Winter at Valley Forge (1776). General Washington spent winter regrouping. • Battle of Saratoga (1777). British were beaten. The battle marked the turning point in war. The French concluded an alliance with the colonists afterwards. • Battle of Yorktown (1781). Marked the last major battle of the American Revolution; British surrendered to General Washington in Virginia. • Treaty of Paris (1783). Ended the war.

17. Important Individuals in the American Revolution • Benjamin Franklin – Statesman; writer; scientist. • Samuel Adams – A radical leader who organized resistance to British taxes…Sons of Liberty • King George III – Supported attempts to discipline colonists. • Thomas Jefferson – Drafted the Declaration of Independence. • Thomas Paine – Advocate for independence in his pamphlet, Common Sense. (stated it was Common Sense to want independence) • George Washington – Successfully commanded the Continental Army against the British during the American Revolution.

18. Other Important Individuals (2) • Abigail Adams. Her letters were a main source of life during the American Revolution. • John Adams. Led the debate for independence; became the Second President of the U.S. • Wentworth Cheswell. He fought at the Battle of Saratoga; became the first elected African American. • Mercy Otis Warren. Stirred colonists against British policies with her writings; she is considered “First Lady” of the American Revolution.

19. Other Important Individuals (3) • James Armistead. An African American who became the first double spy in the American Revolution. • Bernardo de Galvez. Led Spanish armies against the British in the American Revolution; kept the British from taking the Mississippi River. • Crispus Attucks. African American who was the first person killed at the Boston Massacre. • Haym Solomon. Jewish financier who gave money to support the Continental Army during the American Revolution.

20. Government Under the Articles • Articles of Confederation. (1777-1778) - Set up a weak central government - Each state had only one vote in Congress. * Weaknesses: Lacked power to regulate trade; no national court system; lacked power to tax; lacked a national army. * Strengths: Passed Northwest Ordinance, creating procedures to admit new states. • Critical Period. (1781-1787) - Shays’ Rebellion. Massachusetts farmers rebelled against courts foreclosing their farms. - Showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation in putting down rebellions.

21. Constitutional Convention (1787) • Convention met in 1787 in Philadelphia. - Scrapped Articles of Confederation and agreed to draft a new constitution. - James Madison kept notes and is known as the “Father of the US Constitution” • Delegates agree to create three government branches. - Executive Branch: President, chosen by the Electoral College. - Legislature Branch: two-House Congress. - Judicial Branch: Supreme Court. • New national government can raise an army, collect taxes, coin money, regulate commerce between states, and declare war or peace.

22. The Bundle of Compromises • “Great Compromise.” Dealt with the issue of representation in Congress: - Large states wanted representation based on population. Small states wanted states to be equal in Congress. - Compromise established two houses: states were equal in the Senate; the House of Representatives was based on population. • Three-fifths Compromise. - Issue of how slaves should be counted for purposes of representation. - Five slaves would count as three persons for both representation and taxation.

23. Ratification of the Constitution • Anti-Federalists. Were opposed to approval of the new Constitution. - George Mason, Patrick Henry - Feared central government would be too powerful and threaten individual liberties. • Federalists. Supported approval. - Favored a strong central government. - James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton wrote the Federalist Papers. - They argued that the Constitution had protections to prevent the rise of tyranny. These included the division of powers between the federal government and the states, and the separation of powers between the branches.

24. Principles of the U.S. Constitution • Limited Government • Republicanism • Popular Sovereignty • Federalism • Separation of Powers - Legislative Power - Executive Power - Judicial Power • Checks and Balances • Amending Process

25. U.S. Constitution (1787)The Law of the Land • U.S. Constitution. Was a written plan of government that spelled out the powers and organization of the new national government. It is important because it: * Established the institutions of the national government (separation of powers). * Defined the powers of the national government (federalism). * Provided a legal basis for the protection of the rights of its citizens.

26. First Amendment (1791) Protections of Individual Freedoms • Congress cannot make laws establishing a state religion. • Congress cannot stop you from practicing your religion. • Congress cannot makes laws limiting your right to freedom of speech. • Congress cannot make laws limiting freedom of the press. • Congress cannot make laws prohibiting people from assembling. • People have a right to petition the government in order to correct wrongs.

27. Bill of Rights (1791) Other amendments in the Bill of Rights. • Protections of Individual Freedoms * Second Amendment: Gives citizens the right to bear arms. * Third Amendment: No quartering of soldiers in people’s homes. • Protections of the Rights of the Accused * Fourth Amendment: No unreasonable searches. * Fifth Amendment: “Due process” protections. * Sixth Amendment: Fair and impartial trial; right to a trial by jury; right to a lawyer. * Eighth Amendment: No cruel or unusual punishments; no excessive bail.

28. Citizenship • Citizen. A participating member of a community. • Although not defined in the original Constitution, the Fourteenth Amendment stated the requirements for citizenship. • Paths to American Citizenship: - Birthright Citizenship. Persons who have been born in the United States or who have parents that are U.S. citizens. - Naturalization. The legal process by which a person from a foreign country is made into a U.S. citizen.

29. Responsibilities of U.S. Citizens Responsibilities are those things a good citizen “should” do. • Obey the laws of your community, state and national government. • Pay taxes to help support the government. • Serve on a jury if called upon to do so. • Attend school to receive an education. • Accept responsibility for your behavior. • Testify in court if called upon to give evidence. • Defend the nation by serving in the armed forces if called upon.

30. Active Responsibilities of U.S. Citizens • Take an interest in government by learning about its various activities. • Stay informed on key public issues. • Respect other people’s point of view. • Inform your representatives about issues that are of concern to you. • Vote in local, state and national elections. • Participate in government by joining a political party or working in a campaign. • Serve in government if elected or appointed to a position.

31. Our National Identity Describes what makes a nation what it is. It is the character of the nation. It consists of the various characteristics we share that make us Americans. Our national identity is shaped by: • The mixing of people from different lands. • Exercising our religious freedoms. • Freedom to enter any field or occupation. • Traditions of individual rights. • Having a common culture and history. • A lack of an hereditary noble class.

32. The New Nation (1789-1815) • Washington’s Presidency *Established precedents: Cabinet, two terms *Hamilton’s Economic Program *Formation of political parties * Jefferson’s Presidency. * Election of 1800. “Revolution of 1800” * Louisiana Purchase (1803) * Marbury vs. Madison (1803) * War of 1812. War fought against Britain. * Causes of the war. - Impressment of sailors by the British. * Effects of the War. - U.S. preserved its independence from Britain.

33. “Ther Era of Good Feelings”1815-1824 • “Era of Good Feelings.” Time in which American nationalism surged. • Party unity and national pride. • Purchase of Florida (1819) • Henry Clay’s “American System” • Missouri Compromise (1820) • Compromise on slavery in new territory. • Monroe Doctrine (1823). Closed the Western Hemisphere to any further European colonization. • Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824). Extends Congressional power over interstate trade. • Erie Canal Built. Completed in 1825

34. Presidency of Jackson • Election of 1828. Jackson emerges as victor. • Age of the “Common Man.” • Jackson believed he symbolized the common man in America. • “Jacksonian Democracy.” • States ended property qualifications for voting. • Nominating conventions. • “Spoils System.” • New campaign methods: dinners, rallies, public meetings.

35. Presidency of Jackson (continued) • Indian Removal Act (1830).Government given power to relocate American Indians from the east to west of the Mississippi River. • Removal of the Cherokee • Cherokees take case to Supreme Court • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia • Worcester vs. Georgia. • “Trail of Tears.” Thousands died from cold, starvation and disease along the 800 mile journey. • Bank. Jackson disliked moneyed interests and declared “war” on the National Bank.

36. Worcester vs. Georgia (1832) • Issue: Georgia claimed jurisdiction over the Cherokee. They claimed Cherokee lands were within their jurisdiction. The Cherokees claimed they were independent. • Supreme Court. Established Indian tribes standing as “domestic dependent nations.” • Court ruled states couldn’t pass laws regulating Indians on lands within state borders. • Despite winning the case, the Cherokees lost in reality. Six years after the decision, they were forced to move to lands in the west.

37. Jackson and the Nullification Crisis Issue:Does a state have the power to nullify (cancel) a federal law within its borders? Tariff Crisis (1832-1833) * Tariff of Abominations (1828). * Calhoun’s Exposition and Protest (1828). * Webster-Hayne Debate, 1830. * Tariff of 1832. - South Carolina threatened to secede. - President Jackson threatened force. - South Carolina backs down. * Compromise Tariff of 1833

38. Economy and American Society • Free Enterprise System. • People go into business to make a profit. • Individuals free to produce and sell whatever they wish. • Prices are set by supply and demand. • Industrial Revolution. Began in England. • Factory work replaces home production. • Mass Production in factories. • Use of steam engine in factories. • Traditional Role of Women and Children. • Women and children had few rights.

40. The Age of Reform • Religious Revival. • “Second Great Awakening.” • Abolitionist Movement. • Sought to abolish slavery. • Prison Reform. • Treatment of Mentally Ill. • Temperance Movement. • Women’s Rights Movement. • Seneca Falls Convention (1848). • Issued the Declaration of Sentiments. • Elizabeth Cady Stantion, Lucretia Mott.

41. Immigration • Irish. 1840-1860, Irish Potato Famine. Starvation. Faced hardships in US…discrimination due to their ethnicity and catholic religion. • German. 1830-1880, came for political and economic reasons. Usually did better than the Irish because many came with money.

42. The Political, Economic and Social Roots of “Manifest Destiny” • Expanding Democracy. Americans believed they had a God-given mission to extend their system of democracy. Americans hoped to establish a democratic republic that reached to the Pacific, which would serve as an example to the world. • Security. Occupying the middle of the continent from coast to coast would discourage threats from rival powers like England, Spain, or Russia.

43. The Political, Economic and Social Roots of “Manifest Destiny”, cont... • Pioneering Spirit. The pioneer was seen as the perfect expression of American individualism. Americans admired the rugged pioneers who advanced into Texas, Oregon, California and the Southwest. • Romanticizing the West. Occupying the middle of the continent from coast to coast would discourage threats from rival powers like England, Spain, or Russia. • Future Prosperity. Many Americans believed their future prosperity depended on the land and wealth to be gained from westward expansion. The success of farmers in Texas and the discovery of gold in California encouraged this belief.

44. America Expands Westward • Louisiana Purchase (1803). U.S. buys Louisiana Territory from France. • Florida (1819). Spain, faced with losing its colonial empire, sells Florida to the U.S. • “Manifest Destiny.” Fate of Americans to expand their borders to the Pacific. • Annexation of Texas (1845). In 1845, the U.S. annexed Texas. • Oregon Territory (1846). U.S. treaty with Britain, settles the border of Oregon. • U.S.-Mexican War (1846-1848). U.S. gains Mexican Cession with California and Southwest United States.

45. Sectional Differences Grow • Sectionalism. The North, South, and West each developed its own unique way of life. • North. - Rise of factory system. - Became a center of industry. • West. Emerged as the nation’s“Bread Basket.” • South. - “King Cotton” and slavery dominated the South’s economy. - Large plantations, based on slave labor. - Most Southerners were small farmers with no slaves.

46. The Abolitionist Movement • Goals of the Abolitionist Movement. - Saw slavery as morally wrong. - Sought to bring about an end to slavery. • Leading Abolitionists. - Harriet Beecher Stowe: wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin about the evils of slavery. - Harriet Tubman. Underground Railroad. - Frederick Douglass. - William Lloyd Garrison. The Liberator * Underground Railroad. Slaves escaped to the North and many went on to Canada.

47. The Breakdown of Compromise • The major issue was the extension of slavery in the newly acquired territories of the West. - Missouri Compromise (1820) - Compromise of 1850. California entered as a free state. Fugitive Slave Law bolstered. - Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854). Introduced the idea of “popular sovereignty.” -Republican Party formed in 1854 to oppose the extension of slavery. - Dred Scott Decision (1857). Supreme Court ruled that Congress cannot limit slaves; Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional.

48. Causes of the Civil War • Sectionalism. The North, South, and West each developed its own unique way of life. • Slavery. Abolitionists in the North thought slavery should be ended. - Southerners feared Northerners would try to abolish slavery. - Debate over extension of slavery in West. - Breakdown of Compromise. - Election of Lincoln. • States’ Rights. The right of a state to withdraw from the Union

49. Highlights of the Civil War • North’sStrategy. “Anaconda Plan.” - Naval blockade of Southern ports. - Capture control of the Mississippi River. • Main Events of the War (1861-1865) - Firing on Fort Sumter (1861-1865) - Battle of Antietam (1862) - Emancipation Proclamation (1862) - Battle of Gettysburg (1863) - Battle of Vicksburg (1863) - Sherman’s “March to the Sea.” - Appomattox Court House. Lee surrenders.

50. Significant Individuals in the Civil War • Julia Ward Howe. Wrote “Battle Hymn of the Republic” in 1861. • Jefferson Davis. President of the Confederate States of America. • Robert E. Lee. Commander of the Confederate forces during the Civil War. • Ulysses S. Grant. Commander of Union forces during the Civil War. • “Stonewall” Jackson. Regarded as one of the greatest Confederate commanders. • William Carney. Took part in attack on Fort Wagner. First African American to get Medal of Honor. • Philip Bazaar. Hispanic seaman who aided the union victory. Received the Medal of Honor.