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Historical Perspectives

Historical Perspectives. Objectives. By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Explain European contributions to nursing Trace the history of nursing in Ghana Describe the educational programmes of nursing in G hana. Why Study The History of Nursing.

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Historical Perspectives

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  1. Historical Perspectives

  2. Objectives By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: • Explain European contributions to nursing • Trace the history of nursing in Ghana • Describe the educational programmes of nursing in Ghana

  3. Why Study The History of Nursing • Guides the understanding of what we do today • Decide changes we need in our profession

  4. History of Nursing Primitive man • Originated from primitive mother who cares for ill members of her family • Term nursing stems from a Latin word which means nutrix or nutrio- to nourish • Men and women were caring for their sick but no documentation exit

  5. History CONT’D Ancient culture • Ancient Egypt-obstetrics was left in the hands of midwives-females • Wet nurses on contract who breastfed infants for 6mths • Ancient Babylon- domestic servant or slave job- nurses could be male or female

  6. History CONT’D Religious ceremonies • Israel- purification rites; hygiene and sanitation - 1st nurse is Deborah who left with Rebecca to marry Isaac (Gen 24) • India-Hindus practiced team concept (Charaka-Samhita) - Documents to show the use of surgical instruments and diet in treating people - Mostly males but women too

  7. History CONT’D • Greece- sick were nursed in temples • China- Sick nursed in Hans Dynasty(260-220BC) • The first mention of a nurse was in China

  8. Influence of Christianity • Teaching of Christ had a profound influence on nursing and medicine • Both men and women dedicated to the church and caring for the poor and infirm • Nursing care were rendered with empathy and understanding • Deaconesses-visiting nurses • Phoebe(55AD)- first deaconess and visiting nurse

  9. Influence CONT’D Early Nursing Leaders • Middle of the fourth century- noble roman women • Converted their spacious homes into hospice and hospitals • Marcella- home into convent • Fabiolla- built first general hospital in Rome(380AD) • Paula- most learned woman of her time; several hospital and gave nursing care

  10. Influence CONT’D Medieval /Middle Period • Nursing was not formalized • Practice by monks- infirmaries and clinic setting within monasteries • Secular orders developed when some members did not like the nursing • 3 military orders - Knights of St John, Teutonic Knights and Knights of St Lazarus

  11. Influence CONT’D Reformation Period • Roman hospitals were closed down and the protestants hospital personnel fled to avoid execution • Shortage of people to care for the sick • Women were recruited from all sources to care for the sick-wayward to avoid jail sentences(dark period of nursing)

  12. Reformation Period CONT’D • Nursing in Catholic countries saw less of these • St Vincent de Paul organized society women to assist in his community work • Took over nursing in Europe and later Canada and North America Read and write on the following: • John Howard, Elizabeth Fry, Theodore Fliedner, Mother Mary Catherine McAuley

  13. History of Nursing in Ghana • The first medical workers were Doctors who employed male orderlies to care for patients • In 1899 first colonial nursing sister arrived in Ghana • Males were recruited with a few females • Training was by apprenticeship • As medical facilities expanded more centers were opened

  14. History CONT’D • Curriculum was modified to suit the low educational background of the recruits • Subjects includes- anatomy and psysiology • Medical and surgical nursing, hygiene and first aid • Lectures and demonstrations were done on the ward • After 3years they were awarded the Director of Medical Service Award certificate

  15. Levels of Nursing Education Qualified Registered Nurses (QRN) • Started by Miss Button • It gain recognition in 1948 • 3 year programm • Reqiurement - Middle school Leaving Cert. • Age -18 and above • Discontinued in 1968

  16. Levels CONT’D Enrolled Nursing • It started in 1963 • Main aim was to relief the professional nurse of duties which were non –skilled • Nursing assistants but was abolished in 1968 • Maximum qualification was MSLC • Duration was 18months but later changed to 2 years • It was terminated in 982

  17. Levels CONT’D State Registered Nurse(SRN) • It started in 1945 in Kumasi with 6 students • In 1948 the school moved to Accra • In 1955 a second school was built in Kumasi • Duration was 3 ½ years- • pre nursing 1 year (prelims) • The old program ended in 1973

  18. SRN CONT’D • In 1970 a new curriculum was put in place • Comprehensive nursing-community/hospital • In 1989/90 it was reviewed to make way for a competency based programme • In 1993 it was revised-semester based • 3 years duration-GCE/SSCE • 18 and above • Currently we have a 3 year diploma programme

  19. Midwifery • Started in 1928 in Korle-Bu and Kumasi • More than 10 midwifery institutions in Ghana • Including mission schools • Entry requirement-MSLC QRN-18mths EN-2 years SRN/RGN-12 months CHN- 2 years

  20. Registered Mental Health • Started in 1957 –QRMN • In 1974 upgraded to RMN • 1989/90 reviewed alongside the SRN • Entry requirement is GCE O ‘ level/ SSCE • Pantang, Ankaful and Cape Coast • Duration is 3 years and 18 month for SRN’s • Upgraded to Diploma now.

  21. Public Health Nursing • Started in 1952- health visitors • Supervise general health and welfare of infants • Preventive care nurses • Organized training started in 1962 • Upgraded to Diploma status

  22. Community Health Nursing • Started in 1960 at Tamale • Aim is to train health personnel to assist the public health nurses • Duration was 2 years • Requirement was MSLC/ SSCE with entry exams • It been upgraded to diploma now

  23. Post Basic Courses • Eye nursing • Critical • Perioperative care Nursing • Nurse anaesthesia

  24. Nursing Tutorship • Nursing tutorship diploma course was established in University of Ghana in 1963 • 1988 in Cape Coast to prepare nurse educators, supervisor and administrators • Cape Cost has Master’s programm for tutors with Diploma with long service • The university of Ghana continued with a 2 year advance diploma for nurse educators and administration till it was terminated

  25. Graduate Programme • It started in 1980- nurses and non nurses • Bachelor of Arts and Science in Nursing • It was 3 years for nurses and 4 years for non nurses • Non nurses takes the SRN/RGN exams to get their linsence Requirements • GCE A level/SSCE, Diploma(B), mature

  26. Post Graduate-MPHIL/MSC • Started in 2000/2001 academic year • Fist or 2nd upper degree to enter the prog. • It offers- administration, education, child health etc

  27. Nurses and Midwives Council(NMC) • It was form as a merger of the midwives board and nurses board in 1970 • Administration • Regulation of establishment of schools and curricula • Examinations and certification • Training and education

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