Islam and South Asia

1. Andrew Vitkus, Caelin Lewis, Duncan Liseski Islam and South Asia

2. Mosque in Sindh Sindh was the first part of Southern Asia to adopt Islam.

3. Key Terms Muhammad ibn Qasim Muhammad Ghur Qutb-ub-din Aibak Bhaktic Cults Mira Bai Kabir Shrivijaya Malacca Demak

4. Key Terms • Muhammad ibn Qasim: general under Hajjaj; appointed commander of the all important invasion of Sindh when he was seventeen years old; managed to win all of his military campaigns; established peace, order, and a good administrative structure in the areas he conquered. • Mahmud of Ghazni: Sultan of the kingdom of Ghazna (998-1030); Ghazna comprised of modern Afghanistan and northeastern modern Iran; eventually including northwestern India and most of Iran • Muhammad of Ghur: conquests established first Great Muslim Empire in northern India; spent much of his time campaigning in Afghanistan or eastern Persia

5. Key Terms • Qutb-ub-din Aibak: captured and sold as a slave when he was a child to Muhammad of Ghur; became Sultan after Muhammad of Ghur was assassinated; died after falling from a horse while playing polo in 1210 • Bhaktic Cults: Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu • Mira Bai: celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women

6. Key Terms • Kabir: Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam • Shrivijaya: Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion • Malacca: Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands • Demak: Most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports

7. Mosque

8. The Coming of Islam to Southeast Asia Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasion Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions Patterns of Conversion Patterns of Accommodation Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival Stand-Off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period

9. Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasion • The first Muslim intrusion came in 711 • Indirectly caused by the peaceful trading contacts who introduced Muslims to Indian civilization • Muslim traders attacked by pirates • Muhammad ibn Qasim lead more than 10,000 troops into Sindh to avenge the traders • The Muslims treated the Hindus and Buddhists as “people of the book” • Freedom to worship as please • Paid special tax

10. Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization • Islam had little impact on Indian culture • Muslims learned from the Indians • Indian scientific knowledge rivaled Greeks. • Indian Scholars traveled to Baghdad

11. From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions • After a decline of Muslims . Turkish slave dynasty changed India. • Mahmud of Ghazni- Led a expedition that raided and conquered Northern India. • Muhammad of Ghur • Qutb-ud-din Aibak seized control after Muhammad's death. • Delhi was capital.

12. Patterns of Conversion • Islam converters- Merchants and Sufis • Muslim Converts • Buddhists and low caste groups • Reasons for conversions • Escape head tax for non-believers • More egalitarian social arrangement. • Intermarriage between local peoples and Muslim migrants.

13. Patterns of Accommodation • Muslims made little impression on Hindu community as a whole. • Hindus worked with Muslims, but were socially aloof. • Hindus thought Muslims would be absorbed by Hindus superior religion. • Unfortunate for women • Married at earlier ages • Prohibited widows to marry. • Sati

14. Hindus found Islam impossible to absorb Hindus placed greater emphasis on devotional cults of gods and goddesses Bhaki mystics and gurus stressed the importance of a strong emotional bond between the devotee and the god or goddess of veneration The Bhakti movement did a lot to stem the flow of converts to Islam such as increasing popular involvement in Hindu worship and by enriching and extending the modes of prayer and ritual Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival

15. Muslim religious experts grew increasingly aware of the problems Hinduism would cause for Islam Attempts to fuse the two religions were rejected The religious experts worked to promote unity within the Indian Muslim community Non-Muslims, particularly Hindus, remained the overwhelming majority of the population of the vast lands south of the Himalayas Stand-Off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period

16. Muslim Population in Modern Day South Asia and Africa Interesting Fact-Islam is the most widely practiced religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia.

17. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia Trading Contacts and Conversions Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam

18. Trading Contacts and Conversions • Most spread was from peaceful contacts • First were small port centers • Malacca to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak, and Java • Port cities were the most common to covert • Slow progress in areas with Hindu-Buddhist dynasties • Central Java, Bali, Central Asia

19. Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam • Sufis infused mystical strains and tolerated animist beliefs and rituals • Allowed people to maintain pre-Islamic beliefs and law

20. Mosque Muslim mosques such as this one are visited by thousands of Muslims in Asia

21. Overall Importance The overall importance of the spread of Islam to Southern and Southeastern Asia is that it helped the religion of Islam progress further and introduced a new belief to a lot of people who had never heard of Islam. It helped Islam become one of the major religions in the world of today.

22. Citations • http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=123798&page=2 • http://ffh.films.com/Common/FMGimages/36128_full.jpg • http://www.farhan-ali-qadri.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=1221&sid=266742cf753dc5e2d57519f13029473d • http://www.arzoomag.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/eid-300x216.jpg • http://www.webindia123.com/tourism/pilgrim/glry/mosque/m11.jpg

23. Mosque