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Skin Appendages

Skin Appendages. Cutaneous glands. Hair. Nails. Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands. Endocrine glands – secretions (hormones) diffuse directly into the blood Exocrine glands – release secretions to an epithelial surface via ducts Include cutaneous glands. Cutaneous Glands.

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Skin Appendages

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  1. Skin Appendages Cutaneous glands Hair Nails

  2. Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands Endocrine glands – secretions (hormones) diffuse directly into the blood Exocrine glands – release secretions to an epithelial surface via ducts Include cutaneous glands

  3. Cutaneous Glands Arise from dividing cells of the stratum basale Located in the reticular layer of the dermis Sebaceous glands Eccrine sweat glands Apocrine sweat glands

  4. Sebaceous Glands Found everywhere except on palms & soles of feet Secretion = sebum Oily substance & fragmented cells Kills bacteria Keeps skin soft & moist Increased production during adolescence Most ducts empty into a hair follicle; some onto the skin

  5. Acne Infection / blockage of sebaceous glands Whitehead – blocked by sebum Blackhead – blocked by dried up sebum

  6. Eccrine Sweat Glands Most common type of sweat glands – all over Secretion = sweat Water, salts, vitamin C, metabolic wastes, lactic acid Acidic – inhibits bacteria growth High body temperature – nerve endings cause release of sweat Can lose up to 7 liters of water a day through sweat! Ducts empty into sweat pores

  7. Apocrine Sweat Glands Found only in armpit & genital area Secretion Sweat plus fatty acids & proteins Bacteria use it for nourishment – causes odor Begin to function during puberty Unknown function Ducts empty into hair follicles

  8. Hair • Found all over the body, except palms, soles of feet, nipples, and lips • Function • Protection (think eyelashes and nose hairs) • Not very useful for humans for insulation • Structure • Dead, keratinized cells (like stratum corneum) • Grows from hair follicle in dermis • Arises from epithelial tissue • Color based on melanin

  9. Hair Follicle • Inner epidermal sheath • Stratum basale cells in matrix (growth zone) divide to produce the hair • Outer dermal sheath • Provides epidermal layer with blood supply • Arrector pili muscle • Smooth muscle • Connects each side of hair follicle to dermis • Contraction causes goosebumps • Sebaceous gland & apocrine sweat gland ducts

  10. ingrown hair animation

  11. Nails • Structure • Dead, keratinized cells • Stratum basale cells divide in nail matrix (growth zone) to produce the nail

  12. Structure of Skin From which layer do the appendages of the skin arise?

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