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Appendages of the Skin

Appendages of the Skin. Anatomy & Physiology Integumentary System Part 2. Skin Appendages. Glands all arise from stratum basale then extend into dermis & subcutaneous layers all exocrine glands Release product thru a duct onto surface of skin Hair & Hair Follicles Nails .

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Appendages of the Skin

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  1. Appendages of the Skin Anatomy & Physiology Integumentary System Part 2

  2. Skin Appendages • Glands • all arise from stratum basale then extend into dermis & subcutaneous layers • all exocrine glands • Release product thru a duct onto surface of skin • Hair & Hair Follicles • Nails

  3. Cutaneous Glands Sebaceous (Oil) Glands Sweat Glands

  4. Sebaceous Glands All over body except soles & palms most ducts empty onto hair follicle, rest empty directly onto skin

  5. Sebaceous Glands Secrete Sebum • Sebum: • Oily substances + fragmented cells • Become more active in puberty (androgen effect) • Function: • keeps skin soft & moist, • prevent hair from becoming brittle • kills bacteria

  6. Sebaceous Gland If duct becomes blocked  whitehead forms With time oxidizes  blackhead forms If becomes infected  pimple

  7. Seborrhea (Cradle Cap) Seen in newborns & infants Due to overactivity of sebaceous glands Starts as pink, raised lesions  form yellow to brown crust  sloughs off as oily dandruff

  8. Sudoriferous Glands aka sweat glands 1 body has > 2.5 million 2 Types: Eccrine glands Apocrine glands

  9. Eccrine Sweat Glands • more of these than apocrine sweat glands • Product: Sweat • Sweat is made up of: • Water • NaCl • Vitamin C • Urea & uric acid • Lactic acid

  10. Eccrine Glands Important part of thermoregulation function of skin Nerve endings send action potential when body temperature or external temperrature > normal When water in sweat evaporates body cools due to high heat of vaporization of water

  11. Apocrine Sweat Glands • In axilla and genital areas • Usually larger than eccrine glands • Ducts empty into hair follicles • Begin to function during puberty • If infectedwith bacteria  odor • Product: • Fatty acids • Proteins • + what is in eccrine sweat

  12. Hair Follicles • Scattered all over body except palms & soles • Functions: • Protection • Insulation

  13. Hair Follicles

  14. Nails

  15. Homeostatic Imbalances • Skin is largest organ so see many skin conditions • Most common ailments fall into categories • Infections • Allergies • Skin cancer • Burns

  16. Homeostatic Imbalances of the Skin Integumentary System Part 3

  17. Bacterial Infections • Boils & Carbuncles • Infected sebaceous glands (especially neck) • Staphylococcus areus

  18. Impetigo See blister-like pink lesions around nose, mouth  yellow crusty Elementary school age Extremely contagious staph

  19. Athlete’s Foot Itchy, red, peeling Usually starts between toes Tineapedis

  20. Cold Sores(Fever Blisters) Herpes simplex Red, blisters, sore Virus remains dormant in cutaneous nerve Herpes is Forever

  21. Contact Dermatitis Itching, redness, swelling Skin reacting to metal, chemical (in food, poison ivy)

  22. Psoriasis Chronic condition Scaly, red to silvery scales Frequently starts on elbow, knee , scalp: can spread Treatment: cortisone cream

  23. Burns • Tissue damage & cell death caused by intense heat, cold, electricity, UV radiation, acids • Rule of Nines:

  24. 1st Degree Burns Only epidermis is damaged Heals after 2-3days discomfort Example: sunburn

  25. 2nd Degree Burn • Epidermis & upper dermis damaged • Red, blisters, painful • Regeneration possible • With 1st degree burns : • Partial thickness burns

  26. 3rd degree burns Full thickness burn: damage to all layers of skin Not painful (nerve endings destroyed) Regeneration not possible Skin grafting

  27. Skin Cancer Fastest rising cancer in young adults 3 kinds: Basal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma Metastasis to Skin

  28. Basal Cell Starts in stratum basale Slow, rare to metastasize Very common in sun-exposed areas #1 cause:sun exposure

  29. Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stratum spinosum Less common, more likely to metastasize Sun exposed areas

  30. Malignant Melanoma • 5 % of skin cancer but the deadliest • Risks • Family history • Changing mole • History of severe sunburns, tanning bed use • Treatment: surgery, chemotherapy

  31. Malignant Melanoma

  32. ABCD Rule A: asymmetry, pigmentation not uniform B: border irregularity C: colors vary in same spot D: diameter > end of pencil eraser

  33. Tattoos • Needle injects ink into derrmis • Pigment can migrate, safety not well established • Needle infections not uncommon • Hepatitis C  liver cancer • LASER to remove

  34. Development of the Skin • Lanuga: soft , fine hairs that develop in 5th -6th month of pregnancy • Vernixcaseosa: creamy, thick, white substance produced by sebaceous glands in 2nd half pregnancy • Keeps skin soft, moist

  35. Development of the Skin Milia:small white spots frequently seen on newborn – 3rd week after birth Accumulations in sebaceous glands

  36. Skin Changes with Aging • Subcutaneous tissues decrease leading to: • Intolerance to cold • Skin drier due to decreased oil production & less collagen fibers • More likely to bruise • Decreased elasticity (baggy skin)

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