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Perspectives in Health Care Delivery

Perspectives in Health Care Delivery. Objectives. Describe trends in the United States that are affecting Health Care Identify levels of economic theories Analyze the major components of health care reforms Identify the factors influencing health care economics

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Perspectives in Health Care Delivery

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  1. Perspectives in Health Care Delivery

  2. Objectives • Describe trends in the United States that are affecting Health Care • Identify levels of economic theories • Analyze the major components of health care reforms • Identify the factors influencing health care economics • Trace the role of government and other payers in health care financing

  3. "Nursing will be concerned with establishing its contribution to the health of the nation as a major contributor in health care delivery." Stanhope and Lancaster

  4. Health Care Economics • Factors influencing the economics of health care include: • price inflation • technology • intensity • changes in population - demographics

  5. Managed Care • The rapid growth in managed care as a mode of health care delivery has greatly affected the availability and kinds of services that patients receive.

  6. Public health goals: To provide the most good for the most people, given the available knowledge and resources. • Current problems include: • increasingly limited resources • reorganization of methods of financing and care delivery • substantial federal health policy changes.

  7. The possible agenda • Dangers and difficulties of looking to the future • Why bother then? • How best to think about the future? • What is Foresight? • Drivers of the future • Three scenarios • Pictures of the future of health care • Two reports on the future of health care • What does the future mean for now?

  8. Dangers of predicting the future • I never make predictions, especially about the future. • Sam Goldwyn Mayer

  9. Predictions of Lord Kelvin, president of the Royal Society, 1890-95 • "Radio has no future" • "Heavier than air flying machines are impossible" • "X rays will prove to be a hoax”

  10. Looking to the future: common mistakes • Making predictions rather than attaching probabilities to possibilities • Simply extrapolating current trends • Thinking of only one future

  11. Looking to the future: common mistakes • People consistently overestimate the effect of short term change and underestimate the effect of long term change. • Ian Morrison, former president of the Institute for the Future

  12. Why bother with the future? • "If you think that you can run an organisation in the next 10 years as you've run it in the past 10 years you're out of your mind." • CEO, Coca Cola

  13. Why bother with the future? • “The future belongs to the unreasonable ones, the ones who look forward not backward, who are certain only of uncertainty, and who have the ability and the confidence to think completely differently.” • Charles Handy quoting Bernard Shaw

  14. Why bother with the future? • The point is not to predict the future but to prepare for it and to shape it

  15. How best to think about the future? • No answer to the question, but one way • Think of the drivers of change • Use the drivers to imagine different scenarios of the future • Imagine perhaps three; each should be plausible but different • Extrapolate back from those future scenarios to think about what to do now to prepare

  16. What is Foresight? • Foresight is a method of thinking about the future in order to think about what should be done now • The British government has conducted two rounds: startingin1994 and 1999 • The first round was concerned mainly with informing research policy; the second was much broader, including social impacts

  17. The aims of Foresight • To produce a report on how the future might look • To provide material for central and local government and public and private organisations to prepare for the future • To shape the future • To get a whole lot of people thinking about the future

  18. The methods of Foresight • Decide on subjects • Gather a group together--diversity is important • Ask them to think about the future, using whatever methods they want • Oblige them to think along way ahead (2020 in the latest round)

  19. The methods of Foresight • Oblige them to be bold and creative (hard) • Try and persuade them not to be too linear (hard) • Oblige them to think about scientific, organisatiomal, political, and social implications • Ask them to make recommendations on what should happen now to prepare for the future • Disseminate with energy

  20. The Foresight panels 1999 • Healthcare • Ageing population • Crime prevention • Manufacturing • Built environment and transport • Chemicals • Defence, aerospace, and systems

  21. The Foresight panels 1999 • Energy and natural environment • Financial services • Food chain and crops for industry • Information, communications, and media • Materials • Retail and consumer services • Impact of e-commerce on future business models

  22. Healthcare task forces • Public and patients • International influences on health and healthcare • Older people • Organisation and delivery of healthcare • Information

  23. Healthcare task forces • Delivering the promise of the human genome • Pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and medical devices • Neuropsychiatric health • Transplantation

  24. Drivers of change in health care • Internet • Beginning of the information age • Globalisation • Cost containment • Big ugly buyers • Ageing of society • Managerialism • Increasing public accountability

  25. Drivers of change in health care • Rise of sophisticated consumers • 24/7 society • Science and technology --particularly molecular biology and IT • Ethical issues to the fore • Changing boundaries between health and health care • Environment

  26. Examples of future scenarios for information and health

  27. Three possible futures: titanium • Information technology develops fast in a global market • Governments have minimal control • People have a huge choice of technologies and information sources • People are suspicious of government sponsored services • There are many “truths”

  28. Three possible futures: iron • A top down, regulated world • People are overwhelmed by information so turn to trusted institutions--like the NHS • Experts are important • Information is standardised • Public interest is more important than privacy

  29. Three possible futures: wood • People react against technology as against genetically modified foods • Legislation restricts technological innovation • Privacy is highly valued • Internet access is a community not an individual resource • There are no mobile phones

  30. Pictures of the future of health care

  31. Pictures? • Asking people to draw pictures can free up their thinking as well as those who look at the drawings • It’s the conversation around the drawings rather than the drawings that matters • Having said that, here are two pictures of the future of health care that I carry in my mind. • The first is from Tom Ferguson, an acute observer of the digital age, and the second from Uwe Reinhart, professor of economics at Princeton

  32. Fee for service for the rich Marks and Spencer style managed care for the middle classes Safety net service for the poor

  33. Two reports on the future of health care

  34. Healthcare 2020 Foresight Healthcare Panel Department of Trade and Industry, London www.foresight.gov.uk

  35. Selections from Healthcare 2020 • 42 recommendations • Institutionalise thinking about the future--otherwise, as with genetics, the future may take longer to realise • More “rolled back healthcare”--more community and home based healthcare with IT support

  36. Selections from Healthcare 2020 • Chronic disease management will be a cornerstone of future healthcare • Diagnosis needs to be made more rational--as the Cochrane Collaboration has done for treatment • Patients and the public will come to the heart of healthcare--but how will this happen with the public?

  37. Selections from Healthcare 2020 • Improving health through innovations in social policy rather than through high tech • Putting health at the centre not the edge of politics • Regeneration medicine will become a major component of healthcare--use of stem cells, xenotransplantation, tissue engineering, induced regeneration, modulation of the ageing process

  38. Selections from Healthcare 2020 • Physical and engineering sciences will become much more important • whole systems engineering • mimicry of sensor/effector pathways • image analysis • predictive modeling of biological behaviour • clinical decision support

  39. Selections from Healthcare 2020 • We have done badly with neuropsychiatric illness, but it will become steadily higher profile with rising prevalence and a sharp increase in diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities • Dementia may eventually strike 85% of the population • A greater emphasis is needed on prevention

  40. Selections from Healthcare 2020 • Beyond electronic patient records to “health biographies” • Cyberphysicians • Moving from information to knowledge

  41. Information and health: technological developments • “Think for itself hardware” and self-generating software by 2020 • Wearable computers; “intelligent clothing” • Personal agents-- “digital butlers”; smart sensing • Electronic circuitry can be connected to nerves and tissues

  42. Cyberphysicians: “the problem” • Healthcare is a “knowledge based business” but information is poorly delivered • Doctors now suffer from the “information paradox”--drowning in information but cannot find the information they need • Patient information is often neither evidence based nor easily accessible

  43. Cyberphysicians • The number and form of “infomediaries”--knowledge brokers will proliferate • All the information available to professional will be available to patients • Cyberphysicians will look after people’s health, detecting changes through sensors, prompting preventive activities and treatments

  44. Infomediaries: doc.coms • People will be able to use doc.coms to: • Ask questions • Interact with others with similar interests • Use software that will help with health risks • Use decision support systems • Consult with professionals • Access their own health records • Buy health related products

  45. Health records: “the problem” • Current health records are: • Paper based • Disorganised • Often illegible • Lost • Scattered • Poorly linked

  46. Health records • Health records might be • Electronic, lifelong, perhaps recording all food and drink consumption, exercise, etc • Accessible from anywhere • Linked to other records, like social care • Multimedia • Collect information from sensors in the body or home • Data mined • But beware Big Brother

  47. Crossing the quality chasmA new health system for the 21st century Institute of Medicine, 2001

  48. Report’s opening quote Knowing is not enough; we must apply Willing is not enough; we must do Goethe

  49. IOM report: the problem • Between the health care we have and the care we could have lies not just a gap, but a chasm • A system full of underuse, inappropriate use, and overuse of care • Unable to deliver today’s science and technology; will be even worse with innovations in the pipeline

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