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History of Health Care

History of Health Care. 4000 BC – 3000 BC Primitive Times. Illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis)

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History of Health Care

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  1. History of Health Care

  2. 4000 BC – 3000 BC Primitive Times • Illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods • Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies • Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis) • Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull) • Average life span was 20 years

  3. Early Beginning Medicines • Medicines of early times still used today • Digitalis (foxglove plant) used to slow & strengthen heart • Quinine (bark of cinchona tree) used for fever, muscle spasms, malaria • Morphine (opium poppy) used to relieve severe pain; is addicting

  4. 3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians • Physicians were priests • Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment • Average life span was 20-30 years • Egyptians kept accurate health records • Developed the art of splinting fractures,

  5. 1700 BC – AD 220 Ancient Chinese • Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body • Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs • Used therapies such as acupuncture • Began to search for medical reasons for illness • Chinese monitored the pulse/blood pressure to determine condition of the body; believed in treating the whole body; used acupuncture. • Average life span was 20-30 years

  6. 1200 BC –200 BC Ancient Greeks • First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences. • Believed illness is a result of natural causes • Stressed diet and exercise as ways to prevent disease • Average life span was 25-35 years

  7. 753 BC – AD 410 Ancient Romans • First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers • Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents • First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts • Doctors kept the sick in their home. They wore a death mask. • Life span was 25-35 years

  8. AD 400 – AD 800 Dark Ages • Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited • Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease • Monks and priests provided custodial care for ill people • Medications were mainly herbal mixtures • Average life span was 20-30 years

  9. AD 800 – AD 1400 Middle Ages • Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia. The “Black Death” or killed 60 million people http://www.history.com/topics/black-death/videos • Major diseases included smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria • Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses • Average life span was 20-35 years

  10. AD 1350 – AD 1650 Renaissance • Dissection of body led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology • Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared • First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) • Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci used dissection to draw more realistic pictures of the human body • Average life span was 30-40 years

  11. 16th and 17th Centuries • Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections • Invention of the microscope allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms. • Apothecaries (early pharmicists) made, prescribed, and sold medications • Ambroise Pare (1510-1590), a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding • Average life span 35-45 years

  12. 16th-17th Centuries Scientists • William Harvey- heart is a pump which pumps blood through out the body • Gabrielle Fallopius- identifies and names fallopian tubes and vagina and tympanic membrane • Bartolomeo Eustachio identified and named the tube leading from ear to the throat

  13. 18th Century • Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer • John Hunter (1728-1793), established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding • Joseph Priestly discovered the element oxygen • Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals • Average life span 40-50 years

  14. 19th Century • Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations • Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease • Paul Ehrlich discovered a treatment for syphilis on his 606th experiment • Formal training for nurses began • Women became active participants in health care • Lillian Wald started the public health nursing and visited homes to give care in New York City in 1893 • Average life span 40-60 years

  15. 20th Century • Increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body • ABO blood groups discovered • Found out how white blood cells protect against disease • New medications were developed • Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes • Antibiotics developed to fight infections • Vaccines were developed • New machines developed • Kidney Dialysis Machine • Heart Lung Machine • Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions

  16. 20th Century (continued) • Organ Transplants • Test tube babies • Implanted first artificial heart • Health Care Plans developed to help pay the cost of care • Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena • HMOs provided an alternative to private insurance • Hospice organized • Walter Reed found that mosquitoes carried yellow fever in 1900. His vaccine helped the building of the Panama Canal

  17. 21st Century • The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In 2001 • The threat of bioterrorism lead to smallpox vaccination of the military and first responders in 2002 • The Netherlands became the first country in the world to legalize euthanasia in 2002 • The Human Genome Project to identify all of the approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human

  18. 21st Century • Stem cells were used in the treatments of disease early in the 2000’s and lead to increased research in the treatment of cancer and other diseases • President George W. Bush approved federal funding for research using only existing lines of embryonic stem cells in 2001 • Advanced Cell Technology announced it cloned a human embryo in 2001 but the embryo did not survive • The U.S. FDA approved the use of the abortion pill RU-486 IN 200

  19. 21st Century • The standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information, required under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) of 1996, went into effect in 2003 • The Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act was passed in 2003 • Vaccinations for cervical cancer and herpes zoster (shingles) in 2006

  20. Potential for 21st Century • Cures for AIDS, cancer, and heart disease • Genetic manipulation to prevent inherited disease • Nerves in the brain and spinal cord are regenerated to prevent paralysis • Antibiotics are developed that do not allow pathogens to develop resistance • Average life span 90-100 years

  21. Individual Contributions What Georgian surgeon was believed to be the first person to use anesthesia but never given credit for it?

  22. Hippocrates (460 – 377 BC) • Greek physician known as the “Father of Medicine • Authored code of conduct for doctors known as the “Hippocratic Oath” that is the basis of medical practice today • Believed illness was not caused by evil spirits and stressed importance of good diet, fresh air, cleanliness, and exercise

  23. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) • Invented the microscope lens that allowed visualization of organisms • Scraped his teeth and observed the bacteria that causes tooth decay

  24. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) • Invented bifocals • Found that colds could be passed from person to person

  25. Edward Jenner (1749-1823) • Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796

  26. Rene Laennec (1781-1826) • Invented the stethoscope in 1819 • First stethoscope was made of wood

  27. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) • First female physician in the United States in 1849

  28. F lorence Nightingale (1820-1910) • Known as the “Founder of Modern Nursing” • Established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War in 1854 • Invented the call bell system and use of dumbwaiters to deliver meals • Begin the professional education of nurses

  29. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) • Known as the “Father of Microbiology” • His germ theory proved that microorganisms cause disease • Proved that heat can be used to destroy germs through a process called pasteurization • Created a vaccine for rabies in 1885 • Founded the basic rules for sterilization

  30. Joseph Lister (1827-1912) • Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs • First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery

  31. Clara Barton (1821-1912) • Volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the Civil War • After Civil War, established a bureau of records to search for missing men • Campaigned for the USA to sign the Treaty of Geneva, which provided relief for sick and wounded soldiers • Formed American Red Cross in 1881 and served as its first president

  32. Robert Koch (1843-1910) • Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens • Isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis

  33. Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) • Discovered X-rays in 1895 • Let doctors see inside the body • X-rayed wife’s hand

  34. Sigmund Freud (1836-1939) • Discovered the conscious and unconscious part of the mind • His studies were the basis for psychology and psychiatry

  35. Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) • Discovered penicillin in 1928 which is considered one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century

  36. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) Albert Sabin (1906 – 1993) • Discovered polio vaccine • Saved many people from this virus that paralyzed thousands of adults and children each year.

  37. Francis Crick (1916 – 2004) James Watson(1928 - ) • Described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953 • Built a three-dimensional model of the molecules of DNA • Shared the Noble Prize in 1962

  38. Christian Barnard(1922 – 2001) • Performed first successful heart transplant in 1968

  39. Robert Jarvik • Creator of the first artificial heart • On December 2, 1982, it was implanted into Barney Clark, who lived for the next 112 days • The second patient, William Schroeder, lived for 620 days

  40. Ben Carson (1951 - ) • Famous for his surgeries to separate Siamese twins • Currently Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at John Hopkins • He has refined hemispherectomy, a surgery on the brain to stop seizures

  41. Health Care Systems How much money does Healthcare bring in a day???????

  42. Private Health Care Facilities • Hospitals: an institution that provides medical/surgical care and treatment for the sick and injured. • Vary in size and types of service provided. • General, burn centers, heart, oncology, children…etc • Can be private, religious, nonprofit or government owned. • Long-term care Facilities: mainly provide assistance and care for the elderly. Usually all in one. • Nursing/Geriatric Homes: provides help with ADL’s, promote social interactions and provide safety and security. • Extended care facilities: long term rehabilitative care • Independent Living: Rent apartments but are provided with services

  43. Private Health Care Facilities cont… • Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) • Regulations regarding long term care and home health care. • Requires state to establish training and competence evaluations for nursing and geriatric assistants. • CEU’s, evaluations, registrations and certifications

  44. Private Health Care Facilities cont… • Medical Offices: can be privately owned by one doctor or employ many doctors • Services: diagnostic, evaluations, treatment, examinations, minor surgeries, and testing • Specialties: pediatrics, cardiology, obstetrics • Dental Offices: can provide general or specialized care • Orthodontist, periodontics, prosthodontics, etc

  45. Private Health Care Facilities cont… • Clinics: health care facilities found in many types of health care. • Some offer free services • Optical Centers: provide vision care • Emergency Care Services: provides special care for victims of accidents or sudden illnesses • Can be both governmental or private • Laboratories: can perform diagnostic tests such as blood or urine • Home Health Care: exactly what it says

  46. Private Health Care Facilities cont… • Hospice: provide care for terminally ill persons with life expectancies of 6 months or less. • Mental Health: facilities that treat patients with mental dis orders and diseases. • Rehabilitation: provide care to help patients with physical or mental disabilities to obtain maximum self-care and function • Health Maintenance Organizations: centers geared towards preventative healthcare.

  47. Government Agencies • World Health Organization: information about health issues around the world • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: health issues in the U.S. • National Institute of Health: disease research • Center for Disease Control and Prevention: concerned with causes, spread and control of diseases • Food and Drug Administration regulating food and drugs • Agency for Health Care Policy and Research: healthcare quality • Occupational Safety and Health Administration: protect workers from job related injuries and illnesses

  48. Voluntary/Nonprofit Agencies • Supported by donations, membership fees, fundraisers and federal or state grants. • Examples: American Cancer Society, The American Heart Association, the American Respiratory Disease Association, the American Diabetes Association, National Association of Mental Health, Nation Foundation of the March of Dimes, American Red Cross

  49. Health Insurance Plans • What's the Purpose? • To assist with the rising cost of health care • How does it work? • The amount of payment and the type of services vary from plan to plan • Deductibles: set amounts that must be paid before the insurance will pay for anything. • Co-Insurance: patient responsible for a certain percentage of the cost • Co-Payment: specific amount of money that must be paid before receiving services

  50. Health Insurance Plans cont… • Health Maintenance Organization (HMO): provides a managed care plan for the delivery of healthcare services • Set fee regardless of the amount of health care used • Insured can only use certain doctors • Preferred Provider Organization: contracts with certain doctors/dentist to provide health care at reduced rates • More options • Usually requires co-payments and deductibles

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