Evolving demand for animal feed research for sustainable intensification of agriculture

1. Evolving demand for animal feed research for sustainable intensification of agriculture Michael Peters and Michael Blummel

2. Topics • Global importance of livestock and its positive and negative effect • Feed resourcing and feeding at he interface of positive and negative effects • Key intervention and mitigation strategies

3. Global importance of (forage/roughage based) crop-livestock systems • Nearly one-third of the global human appropriation of net primary production occurs on grazing lands • Livestock account for 40% of global agricultural gross domestic product • Livestock production supports livelihoods of more than 1 billon globally, including 600 million of the world’s poorest • Livestock products supply one-third of humanity’s protein intake

4. Global land use Peters et al., 2013

5. Livestock Production & Smallholders • Importance of livestock in developing countries: • Smallholders predominate • Livestock: smallholders… • produce 50% of beef, 41% of milk, 72% of mutton, 59% of pork, and 53% of poultry • provide food for at least 830 million food insecure people

6. Global meat consumption pattern Adopted from: McMichael et al., 2007

7. Livestock sector & GHG “hoofprint” Global greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production Percent 100% = 6.5 GT CO2 e in 2010 Sources: WRI analysis based on EPA 2012 and FAO 2012 with adjustments

8. GHG emissions from livestock sector By main animal species and commodities Per unit of protein Kg CO2e / Kg protein MtonCO2eq Source: Gerber et al, 2012 Source: DeVries (2009)

9. Spatial distribution of GHG emission intensities by livestock In most of the developed world, emission intensities are low, due to more intensive feeding practices, feed conversion-efficient breeds of livestock, and temperate climates where feed quality is mostly higher low animal productivity across large areas of arid lands where feed is scarce and of low quality and animals have low productive potential Moderate emission intensities occur throughout the developing world, in places with important beef production Source: Herreroet al. 2013. Global greenhouse gas efficiency per kilogram of animal protein produced

10. Liters of water needed to produce one kilogram of product Liters of water per kilogram of product Source: Waterfootprint.org, Gleick 2009

11. Crop-livestock integration to increase animal live weight gain (kg/ha/year) in the acid soil savannas of Colombia Rincón, 2009

12. Need for sustainable intensification to improve eco-efficiency Transition from extensive systems towards mixed more intensive crop-livestock systemscould allow for mitigating GHG emissions without compromising food security Reduced methane (CH4) production can result from land sparing Almost landless, grain-fed livestock systems have economic advantages in terms of production rates and scale effects, but can lead to direct competition for food Livestock convert low nutrient dense roughage into high-biological-value foods that are highly nutrient dense Comparing the environmental footprint of systems requires not only analysis of their direct GHG emissions but the environmental costs of feed production

13. Opportunities through forage-based systems to reduce GHG emissions Increasing C stocks Reducing CH4 emissions per unit of livestock product and net CH4 emissions by reducing animal numbers Reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions

14. Improved pastures & C accumulation Soil organic carbon (SOC) under pastures of Brachiaria humidicola alone (Bh) and with Arachis pintoi(Bh/Ap)and native savanna (NS) on a clay loam Oxisol on the eastern plains of Colombia (Fisher et al., 1996) Depth (cm) % C (modified Walkley-Black) SOC in three predominant land-use systems in the eastern plains of Colombia (Castro et al., 2012 unpublished)

15. Benefits from BNI Effects of BNI from Brachiaria humidicola pasture on subsequent maize crop (CIAT-JIRCAS-Corpoica, 2013) N fertilization (kg N ha-1) Maize grain yield (kg ha-1) Preceding land use

16. Feed resourcing and feeding : the interface

17. Water: where does it go?

18. Water for fodder and milk :Gujerat in India Source: Singh et al., 2004 Requirement for 1 MJ ME ranged from 12.9 liter H2O to 61.5 liter H2O Source: Blϋmmelet al., 2009

19. Principles Generalization of ruminal microbial feed degradation OMTDR SCFA MBP GAS = + + SCFA Short chain fatty acids (C2, C3, C4) supply energy to host animal è Microbial biomass supplies protein to hostanimal ( but also CHO, lipids) MBP è GAS CH4 und CO2 ,losses to rumen Microbes and host animal alike è

20. Combined SCFA and EMP effects on methane production Source: Blümmeland Krishna 2003

21. Actual average across herd milk yields (3.61 kg/d) and scenario-dependentME requirements for total milk production (81.8 million t/y)

22. Effect of increasing average daily milk yields on overall methane emissions from dairy in India Source: Blϋmmelet al., 2009

23. Livestock revolution: Impact on energy and feed requirements * Calculated based on CAGR

24. CR becoming more important KahsayBerhe (2004) study in Yarer Mountain area • Cultivated land has doubled at the expense of pasture in 30 years • Switch in source of nutrition for livestock from grazing to CR

25. Implications for feed resources and feed work • Feed demand is not a “constant” but dependent on the level of intensification besides amount of ASF production • Effect of intensification ie reduction in livestock numbers on water use and GHG emission more drastic and realistic than some proposed high end science intervention • Feed resourcing need to take shrinking arable land and water availability serious