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Literary Terms

Learn about the different genres in literature, including protagonist, antagonist, setting, characterization, plot, climax, resolution, flashback, foreshadowing, symbolism, irony, point of view, and theme.

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Literary Terms

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  1. Literary Terms

  2. What is Genre? Genre is a type of form of literature. For instance, someone might say, “What genre of literature do you like to read. Challenge: Come up with at least five genres.

  3. Antagonist • A major character who opposes the protagonist • the antagonist does not change • Types of antagonists: • people • nature • Society Challenge: Provide name of an antagonist and where he/she appears.

  4. Protagonist Main character of the story who changes • the most important character • makes a realization about self or the world around him/her Challenge: Provide the name of a protagonist and the book, movie, play… he or she is in.

  5. Setting • The time and place of the story’s action • Setting is part of the Exposition Challenge: Describe the setting of a book, movie… - be specific and descriptive.

  6. Character • Character – a person in a story, poem or play • Types of Characters • Round – fully developed, has many different character traits • Flat-stereotyped, one-dimensional, few traits • Static– does not change • Dynamic– changes as a result of the story's events, or plot Challenge: ID your protagonist and antagonist.

  7. Characterization How the author develops the characters, especially the main character

  8. Characterization • Direct characterization • The author directly states what the character’s personality is like. • Example: “He is a cruel person.” • Indirect characterization • A character’s personality is shown through his/her actions, thoughts, feelings, words, appearance or other character’s observations or reactions. (We, as readers, make inferences.)

  9. What is the Plot? Plot: Series of events that make up a story – in other words, plot = story Climax – most exciting part Falling Action (excitement falls) Resolution Rising Action – (excitement is rising) Exposition– think “expose”

  10. Exposition • Part of the story that introduces characters, setting, and conflicts Challenge: Think of a book, movie…. and list three details you learned in the exposition.

  11. Rising Action • Consists of a series of complications. • These occur when the main characters take action to resolve their problems and are met with further problems: • Fear • Hostility • Threatening situation Challenge : Describe one scene in a book… that is part of the rising action.

  12. Climax The turning point in the story: the high point of interest and suspense Challenge: Describe the climax in a book…. Climax Rising Action or Complications Falling Action

  13. Falling Action All events following the climax or turning point in the story. These events are a result of the action taken at the climax. Challenge : Describe the falling action in a book…

  14. Resolution • (Dénouement) – the ultra fancy word for this • The end of the central conflict: it shows how the situation turns out and ties up loose ends Challenge: Describe the resolution in a book…

  15. Flashback The present scene in the story is interrupted to flash backward and tell what happened in an earlier time Challenge: Provide an example from a book, movie…

  16. Foreshadowing Clues the writer puts in the story to give the reader a hint of what is to come Challenge: Provide an example of foreshadowing.

  17. Symbol An object, person, or event that functions as itself, but also stands for something more than itself. Example: Scales function is to weigh things, but they are also a symbol of our justice system. Challenge: Provide examples of three symbols and their meaning.

  18. Irony A contrast between expectation and reality Examples: The high school student with the highest grades drops out of school. The traffic officer is arrested because of a backlog of unpaid parking tickets. Challenge: Provide an example from a book, movie, …. Or create one of your own.

  19. Types of Irony • Verbal– saying one thing but meaning something completely different. Example: Calling a clumsy basketball player “Lebron James” • Situational– A contradiction between what is expected and what really does happen Example: The Titanic sinking. • Dramatic– occurs when the reader knows something important that the characters in the story do not know. Example: We know who the murderer is, but the character does not  creates suspense Challenge : Think of an example of at least one type. Extra challenge: Go for the big three.

  20. Point of View Perspective from which writer tells the story • 1st person- One of the characters is actually telling the story using the pronoun “I” • 3rd person limited- Centers on one character’s thoughts and actions. • Omniscient- All-knowing narrator. May center on the thoughts and actions of any and all characters. Challenge: Why do you think authors use 1stPOV?

  21. Theme • The central message or insight into life revealed through a literary work. • The “main idea” of the story • What the author wants us to take away from the story. Challenge: What is a theme from your favorite book, movie…?

  22. Tone • The speaker’s or narrator’s attitude towards the subject • Authors create tone through word choice and imagery. • May be formal, informal, somber, playful, etc.

  23. Mood The general feeling a piece of writing creates within the reader Example: You may feel saddened by what you read, or you may be roaring with laughter. Challenge: List five different kinds of “mood”

  24. Diction A writer’s or speaker’s choice of words and arrangement of these words in a sentence. Examples: • Hey, what's up, man? Lookin' cool in those shades you're wearin'! • The patient has experienced acute trauma to the right femur, and must have surgery stat. • Aren't you a cute little fella? I bet your mommy is in love with you-that's right. I see that smile! Challenge: Provide an example of diction.

  25. Conflict • A struggle between two opposing forces • Types • Internal – takes place in a character’s own mind (i.e., decision or choice) • Man vs. Self • External – a character struggles against an outside force • Man vs. Man • Man vs. Nature • Man vs. Society Challenge: Think of an example of each type of conflict (4).

  26. Suspense Uncertainty or anxiety the reader feels about what is going to happen next in a story

  27. Figurative Language Involves some imaginative comparison between two unlike things • Simile– compares two unlike things using like or as Example: “I wandered lonely as a cloud” • Metaphor– compares two unlike things (not using like or as) Example: Life is a roller coaster; it has lots of ups and downs.

  28. Figurative Language Personification– Gives human qualities to non-human things • “The wind screamed.” • “The fog crept in quietly.”

  29. Figurative Language Allusion: Reference to a statement, person, a place, or events from: • Literature • History • Religion • Mythology • Politics • Sports Example: “I am surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio’s.”

  30. Imagery Language that appeals to the senses. • Touch • Taste • Sight • Sound • Smell Challenge: Write a sentence with all 5 senses included Creating a picture in the reader’s mind through description Example: A seven-foot giant with rat-like teeth, greasy hair, hands like mitts, and musty, loose clothing

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