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PERSUASIVE SPEECH

PERSUASIVE SPEECH. ENGLISH 7, SPRING 2014 MIA JÖNSSON. Prepared speech. Speech /presentation

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PERSUASIVE SPEECH

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  1. PERSUASIVE SPEECH ENGLISH 7, SPRING 2014 MIA JÖNSSON

  2. Preparedspeech • Speech/presentation • One-waycommunicationwhereyouproducelanguageactively in front of an audience. It can be neatlyplannedspeechperformedwith an exactwording from a well-rehearsed script, (like a weedingspeech) or it can be any situation in whichyou present a topicto an audience. • Debate • A situation in whichyouargue a pointofviewaccordingto a fixedprocedure. Thereareone or more opponents who do not shareyourviews and the point is eitherto try and reach an agreement or toconvince the audienceofyourpointofview.

  3. ARGUMENTATIVE SPEECH • Goal: to make peoplebelieve in yourideas! • Oftenpolitical (taxes, education etc.) or emotional/ethicaltopic (animal testing, deathpenalty etc.) • Showingthatyouarepassionateaboutyourideawhile not gettingtoocarriedaway is the keytosuccess! • Clear structure and preparations needed. • Letbodylanguagereinforceyourmessage. • Same outline as an argumentative essay: Thesisstatement + threemainideas • Useofrhetoricaldevicessuch as metaphors and similes.

  4. Rhetoric • The art ofpersuasion! • Three cornerstones: • * Ethos (Greek for character):usingcharacter, credibility and ethicstopersuade. • * Pathos (Greek for suffering or experience): using emotions and passion topersuade. • * Logos (Greek for word): usinglogical reasoning and evidencetopersuade.

  5. DefiningEthos, pathos, logos • ”I was not born a rich man, but I am an honest man, and I am a man of morals.The richhaveusploughtheirfields, feed and care for theircattle, and reaptheirharvest – for their profits, not for ourown. What do we get? A roof over ourheads, true, butwhatelse? Wehardlyevenhaveanyfood on ourplates! • Just last year, my youngestdiedofstarvation in the field, working for the benefit of the rich farmer. Hefaded in my arms pleadingtometo save him, but I could not. All thiswhile I couldsee the richpeople’s house gleamingofcandlelight over the dinner party thatwas given thatnight! • Wesee so many riches go throughour hands eachday, onlyto end up in the hands ofour masters whogiveusnothing in return. How is this fair? • My brothers; the richarebut a handful in number, but look at us; weare scores!Weare strong! Weareangry!Letus fight back and over through the peoplethreateningourveryexistence and lives! • I seearoundme, honestworking men whostrivetofeedtheirfamilies, just as I do, and I seethemsuffer, just like I do. Come withme! Weare the powerofthis land, letustakewhat is rightfullyours by labor and sweat – letusclaimourlives back from the oneswhoare holding us back!”

  6. Rhetoricaldevices • #1 Metaphors • #2 Similes • #3 Personification • #4 Hyperbole • #5 Alliteration • #6 Triad • #7 Repetition • #8 Parallelism • #9 Rhetoricalquestion • #10 Emotional language

  7. Rhetoricaldevices #1 METAphors • A figureofspeech in which a term or phrase is appliedtosomethingtowhich it is not literallyapplicable in order tosuggest a resemblance. Impliedratherthanintroduced by ”like” or ”as”. • Example1His hairwas a lion’smane (todescribesomeone’s look and comparehim/herto a powerfulbeast) • Example 2The pile ofdirt is high, butwehavemanyshovels (to show that a problem can be solvedevenif it looks hard)

  8. Rhetoricaldevices #2 similes • A”milder” form of a metaphor; a comparison is usuallyintroducedwith the wordsas or like. By making a comparisonyouemphasize the contentofyourownwords and produce a strong picture in youraudience’s mind. • Example1:Youare as beautiful as a rose. • Example2: • His arms wereweak and felt like noodles.

  9. Rhetoricaldevices #3Personification • A particularwayofusing a metaphor or similetoemphasize an idea. To make a personification, youtake a ”dead” object and give it life by describing it as if it werealive. Therebyyouhave a strongerchanceofgainingempathy from youraudience. • Example 1: • His hat sat on his head like a curled-up animal. • Example2: • Racism in oursociety is spreading like wildfire (todescribe a societal problem and itsseverity).

  10. Rhetoricaldevices #4hyperbole • An exaggerationthatyouuse tio illustrate just how grave youconsideryourpointto be. • Example 1 • I will love you till the starts stop shining. • Example 2 • Thereare at least ten thousandsreasonswhyweneedmore solar energy.

  11. Rhetoricaldevices #5alliteration • The repetition of a letter or a sound at the beginningof a word or a phrase. Alliterations make ut easier for a listenertoremember, and alsotobelieve in youridea. • Example 1 • Theyare part of the finest fighting force that the world has everknown. • Example 2 • The haveserved tour after tour ofduty in distant, different and difficultplaces.

  12. Rhetoricaldevices #6triad • Three ofsomething. A verycompellingdevicewhenused in the right place. • Example 1 (triad ofwords) • Ourmainobjectivesare: Progress, Proceeds and Production! • Example 2 (triad ofphrases) • Everyone’sgoal in life is toprosper; tolead a long and healthylife, and finally; to be free!

  13. Rhetoricaldevices #7repetition • By repetition ofoneword or phraseyoucan make the audiencerememberyourmessagemoreeasily. • Example 1 • Our nation needsthisdebate, wewantthisdebate, wewillwinthisdebate! • Example 2 • Weshall fight on the beaches, weshall fight on the landinggrounds, weshall fight in the fields and in the streets, weshall fight in the hills, weshall never surrender.

  14. Rhetoricaldevices #8parallelism • In parallelstructuresyoubuildyoursentences in a particularway. The idea is tointroducetwolinesofthought at the same time and emphasizeone by opposing it to the other. Thiscreates a rhythm and a feeling thattheybelongtogether. • Example 1 • To show empathy is good, to show hatred is evil. • Example 2 • Theyenjoygivingmoneyto the richwithouthandinganymoneyoutto the poor.

  15. Rhetoricaldevices #9rhetoricalquestion • Simplyput, a rhetoricalquestion is onewhereyou do not expect an answer. The purpose is simplyto make youraudiencethinkaboutwhatyouhave just said. • Example 1 • Canwereallyexpectteacherstograde all thesepapers? • Example 2 • Is it not expectedofourgovernmenttoaddressthese kinds ofissues?

  16. Rhetoricaldevices #10emotional language • Usingvery emotional language is sometimesseen as the lowest form ofrhetoric and considered a little bit ”dirty” by somestrictworshippersofclassicalrhetoric. But still, it can be quiteeffectiveifusedsparsely. • Example 1 • Imagine it wasyouwhowasbeingthrownoutinto the freezingcoldsnow! • Example 2 • Whatif it wasyourfriends, or evenyourownchildrenwhohadtogrowup under thosecircumstances?

  17. speechanalysis • Your task is toanalyse Barack Obama’svictoryspeech from 2008. Youwill be assignedonespecific part of the speech and your task is tofindoutwhy it is a perfectexampleof a persuasivespeech. Focus on ethos, pathos, logos and whichrhetoricaldevicesheuses. • Video: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBv4-TCs3Lg • Transcript: • http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/us_elections_2008/7710038.stm

  18. FAMOUS SPEECHES • Winston Churchill – Weshall fight on the beaches (1940) • Martin Luther King Jr – I have a dream (1963) • Mary Fisher – A whisperof AIDS (1992) • Barack Obama – Victoryspeech (2008)

  19. THE WORKING PROCESS • Brainstorm • Defineyourpurpose and limitations • Research • Discusswith a partner • Create a structure and a draft

  20. GUIDELINES FOR SPEECHES • Introductoryparagraph • Body paragraph • Body paragraph • Body paragraph • Concludingparagraph

  21. Rehearsal and delivery • Linkingwords and transition • Register • Variation • Pace • Pauses • Intonation • Pronunciation • Body language • Breathing • Cue cards • Visual aids

  22. Debate • Open strong and finish strong! • Be slightlyaggressovebut still polite. • Use the crowd. • Disagreepolitely.

  23. Expressing an opinion Agreeing I agree I couldn’tagreemore That’sexactlywhat I meantoo That’s a verygoodpoint • Express your opinion: • Personally, I think • I believethat • I feelthat • In my opinion • In my view • The way I see it • I may be wrongbut… • What I mean is that • As far as I’mconcerned • I would like topointoutthat • A personal reflection is Disagreeing I don’tagree I disagreeYoucan’t be serious I understandwhatyoumean, but In a way, however…True, but on the other hand I seeyourpoint, butyouforgetthatEventhough I agreetosomeextent, it is also the casethat

  24. SPEAKING EXERCISE #1 – Thingsbeginningwith… • Work in pairs. Challenge eachotherto come upwith as many English words as possiblestartingwith the same letter. All wordclassesare OK. • Time limit: 1-2 minutes • Example: thingsbeginningwith F? Fish, frisky, float, fantastic, fraternity…

  25. SPEAKING EXERCISE #2 – THE MARTIAN • Work in pairs. Welcome an aliento Earth by explainingtothemhowthingsworkaroundhere. It can be very fundamental things, like definingwhatobjects on Earth areedible, teachingthemhowtrafficlightswork or why the sun goes down at night. It is not as easy as it sounds!

  26. SPEAKING EXERCISE #3 – word hooks • Work in pairs. Write a noun (physical or abstract, like rock, heroes or imagination). Put the noun in a circlewithsix ”hooks” attachedto it. Now, quicklyfindsixotherwordstoput on the hooks, all associatedwith the original word. Then, talk for 1 minuteaboutyournoun, using and exploring all the ”hooked” words.

  27. SPEAKING EXERCISE #4 - PERSUASION • Work in pairs. Pick onetopicbelow. Oneofyou is pro, one is con. Try toconvinceyour partner on whyyouare right. • Same sex marriageLegalizing marijuanaAdoption DonatebloodTV violence Sex education in schoolLearn a foreignlanguage Public transportationExerciseScholarships for athletesCloning Go to the museumBreastfeedingReality TV Vegetarian lifestyle SpamMorning-after pill FacebookDrugtesting on the jobStreet racing

  28. SPEAKING EXERCISE #5 – The telling off • Work in pairs. Quicklydecidewhatrelationshipyouhave and imagine a situation in whichyou get veryupset. Come upwith a reason for whyyouareangry– thentellyour partner off for 1 minutewithoutusing foul language (that is, no cursing!)

  29. SPEAKING exercise #6, PT1 - pictures

  30. SPEAKING exercise#6, PT2 - pictures

  31. SPEAKING exercise#6, P3 - pictures

  32. SPEAKING EXERCISE #7 – wHowants a…? • Tell the students that you are going to give them a present. However, only one student will receive the present. In order to receive this present, the student must convince you through his / her fluency and imagination that he or she deserves the present. It's best to use a wide range of imaginary presents as some students will obviously be more attracted to certain types of presents than others.

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