Pg. 16 RTW: How did the Polynesians contribute to oceanography?

1. Monday, September 12 Pg. 16 RTW: How did the Polynesians contribute to oceanography? • Objective: • I will be able to explain the major contributions to oceanography • Agenda: • Turn in Fakebook • Scientific Exploration Notes (pg. 19/21) • Homework: • Review for Unit 2 Test Friday!

2. Scientific Explorations http://dl.nfsa.gov.au/module/1318/

3. By the mid 18th century quite a bit was known about the world’s geography but not much scientific information. • Some questions: • How deep is the sea? • What causes the currents? • What natural resources does the ocean contain?

4. James Cook (mid 1700’s) • Figured out how to prevent scurvy. (Vitamin C) • 1st to use chronometer to figure out longitude.

5. Cornelius Drebbel- • Created 1st submarine • http://www.dutchsubmarines.com/specials/special_drebbel.htm

6. Benjamin Franklin • US postmaster, wanted to know why it took longer for mail to come from Europe to America than vice versa • Later he drew an accurate map of the Gulf Stream

7. Matthew Maury- • American Naval Officer • “The Father of Oceanography” • 1855 analyzed the logbooks of navy ships and published the first books on oceanography called: The Physical Geography of the Sea

8. Thomas Jefferson (1807) • Authorized Survey of the Coast (the predecessor to NOAA) • NOAA- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

9. Naturalist 1831, sailed on the HMS Beagle goal was to map the western coastline of South America Found new species of plants and animals. Came up with the Theory of Coral Reef Development Charles Darwin-

10. Theory of Coral Reef Development

11. Galapagos Tortoise

12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qd-1_CjgGCQ&safe=active Marine Iguana http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfZQfCkKuKM&safe=active

13. HMS Challenger- 1873-1876 • Led by Sir Charles Thompson • Led the most successful ocean expedition devoted exclusively to scientific study • Collected water, sediment, and temp data • Identified more than 4700 new species of marine organisms • Discovered the “Challenger Deep” in the Mariana’s trench. (over 35,000 ft. deep)

14. Technology Advancements in Marine Science Submersibles

15. Diving Vessels Also called submersibles • ROVs= Remotely Operated Vehicles (tethered) • AUVs= Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (un-tethered) • Bathysphere, allowed aquanauts to go to deeper depths • Bathyscaphe is a steel un-tethered submersible that could be controlled. Deepest dive in history (1960). • Alvin is a self-propelled machine with mechanical arms that can pick up specimens and can carry three humans • JASON, a robot, does not carry people

17. The Bathysphere

18. 1880 to 1950 • V. Walfrid Ekman – Figured out the Ekman Spirals and Ekman Layer • Fridtjof Nansen – Made the Nansen Bottle. Now people could take samples of water from different depths of water. • Beebe and Barton – First bathysphere to 4,000 feet • Steel sphere at the end of a long cable (tethered)

19. Marie Thorp and Bruce Heezen – made the first map of the ocean bottom and provided evidence for the theory of Continental Drift. • Auguste Piccard – First bathyscaphe to reach the bottom of the Mariana's Trench at 35,800 feet.

21. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGzaUiutuRk&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mBG0LbAoqk&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dC0hXmO9Phs&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XX7WdfCgnM&safe=active

22. This trip was made in 1960 and wasn’t repeated until 2012!! The decent took 4 hours and 48 minutes. Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard inside Trieste

24. The Meteor, aGerman ship, 25 months on Atlantic ocean using sonar • Sonar- sound navigation ranging • mapped the ocean floor revealing many different depths and features

25. Exploring the Ocean with Personal Diving Equipment • Under world called Inner Space • 2500 B.C., glass was discovered and the first mask was made • In the 17th century a diving chamber/bell was invented • Later came a diving suit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxWFqwFHXoo&safe=active

26. 1837 1797

27. 1855

28. The Modern Scuba Tank • 1943- Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan made final improvements • A tank with compressed air was developed that was strapped on the diver’s back • air breathed through a regulator • marketed as the aqua-lung • S.C.U.B.A- Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus.

30. SCUBA Kitty

31. RTW pg. 16 • Who is the “father of physical oceanography”? • What did Benjamin Franklin hypothesize about what was happening to the mail between England and America? • What did Thomas Jefferson authorize? • What was Charles Darwin’s goal? What did he also do? • Who discovered the “Challenger Deep”?

32. Tuesday, September 13 Pg. 16 RTW: What does this device do? (Hint: It’s more than a clock…) • Objective: • I will be able to explain the major contributions to oceanography • Agenda: • Start Jigsaw- Technology • Homework: Start reviewing for Test on Friday • History of Exploration • Scientific Contributions • Submersibles

33. Pg. 20 Jigsaw Submersibles • Groups: • ROVs • AUVs • GPS and other satellites • SCUBA • SONAR *Group the following into ROV or AUVs: Trieste- Challenger Deep, Alvin- hydrothermal vents & Titanic site, Johnson Sealink- panoramic view ROVs AUVs SCUBA SONAR GPS & Satellites

34. What to Cover • What is this technology? (definition & short explanation) • When was it invented/established • How has it contributed to the study of the ocean? (research, findings, missions, etc.) • Interesting facts • Who invented it? • Future use? • Misc.

35. Wednesday, September 14 Pg. 16: Who discovered a cure for scurvy and what was the cure? • Objective: • I will be able to explain the major contributions to oceanography • Agenda: • Finish Jigsaw • Homework: Start reviewing Unit 2 Test on Friday • History of Exploration • Scientific Contributions • Submersibles

36. Wednesday, September 14 Jigsaw Submersibles Day 2 • Now that you are an expert on your topic… • We will be getting into new groups composed of representatives from #1-5 (one person from AUVs, ROVs, GPS, SCUBA, & SONAR) • In these groups you will: • Explain what you found in your group, teaching them the material. • Write notes about the other groups as they tell you what they found. • Feel free to ask questions to each other to understand the concepts.

37. Thursday, September 15 Did You Know? • The largest octopus weighs about 15kg (Octopus dofleini). An Octopus has three hearts and it can squeeze through a hole the size of a 10-cent coin. Hapalochlaena species can inject enough venom in one bite to kill several adult humans. They can adopt a two-tentacles "walk" that frees up their six remaining limbs and makes them look like an armed vehicle. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BULXKrzLhig&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orrdcwTuXmQ&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBdkduR9VdQ&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=os6HD-sCRn8&safe=active

38. Thursday, September 15 • Objective: • I will be able to explain the major contributions to oceanography • Agenda: • REVIEW for Unit 2 Test • Homework: • Study for Unit 2 Test and organize notebook

39. Friday, September 16 Grab clicker and review notes if needed, ALL bags/phones up front until everyone finishes test. • Objective: • I will be able to explain the major contributions to oceanography • Agenda: • Unit 2 Test • Homework: None 