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Nutrition, Food Security and Agriculture - An IFAD View

Nutrition, Food Security and Agriculture - An IFAD View. Kevin Cleaver Assistant President, IFAD Rome, 26 February 2007. IFAD’s mission is to reduce rural poverty. IFAD recognizes that malnutrition contributes to poverty.

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Nutrition, Food Security and Agriculture - An IFAD View

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  1. Nutrition, Food Security and Agriculture - An IFAD View Kevin Cleaver Assistant President, IFAD Rome, 26 February 2007

  2. IFAD’s mission is to reduce rural poverty. IFAD recognizes that malnutrition contributes to poverty Source: Based on data from FAO 2005a, UN/SCN 2004, Micronutrient initiative and UNICEF 2005. Adapted from IFPRI, 6 December 2005

  3. Global trends in underweight children(children 0-4 years) – 1980-2005 Data source: de Onis et al (2004). Prepared by World Bank, HNP, November 2005

  4. Progress slow in addressing hunger Hunger in the Developing World Developing world 824 815 797 Millions of hungry people 673 651 630 Developing world without China Source: FAO 2005a

  5. Is the hunger problem caused by stagnation in agriculture production?World cereal production, 1990-2005 Source: FAOSTAT 2005. Adapted from IFPRI. * Estimated

  6. 22% 230 Landless Rural Poor Latin America 40 South Asia 50% 60 200 Farmers Marginal Land Sub Sahara Africa 20% 115 155 8% East Asia Pastorists/Fishers Rest of Asia Who are the hungry? Hunger is increasing in Africa, decreasing in Asia; Millions of hungry people by continent (source: UN hunger task force) North Africa & Middle East What do the hungry do? Urban Poor Source: World Bank Cleaver

  7. Malnutrition Poverty • Leads to a >10% potential reduction in lifetime earnings for each malnourished individual • GDP losses >2-3% • Malnutrition (stunting) in early years linked to a - 4.6 cm loss of height in adolescence - 0.7 grades loss of schooling - 7 month delay in starting school (improved nutrition can be a driver of growth) Source: Alderman et al (2003) But: • Poverty also leads to malnutrition. The hungry are largely the poor.

  8. IFAD works on both routes: mostly on income growth for the poor; but also on nutrition Causes of Child Malnutrition Child nutrition, survival and development Outcomes Inadequate dietary intake Immediate causes Disease Insufficient access to food Inadequate maternal and child- care practices Poor water/ Sanitation and inadequate health services Underlying causes at household family level FOOD HEALTH CARE Inadequate and/or inappropriate knowledge and discriminatory attitudes limit household access to actual resources Quantity and quality of actual resources – human, economic and organizational – and the way they are controlled Basic causes at societal level Political, cultural, religious, economic and social systems, including women’s status, limit the utilization of potential resources Potential resources: environment, technology, people Source: The State of the World’s Children, Adapted from World Bank HNP, November 2005

  9. Solutions to halving hunger Annual investments needed to reach the MDG goal of halving hunger Source: Rosegrant et al, 2005. Adapted from IFPRI.

  10. IFAD contributes to agriculture and rural development • IFAD has granted and lent about US$ 7 billion for hundreds of agriculture and rural development programmes in developing countries. Project size varies from USD 200,000 grants to US$ 50 million loans • IFAD targets the very poorest rural populations • Has a special focus on women, who are often the poorest and increasingly left in rural areas by husbands and male family members who migrate to cities or abroad for work • Has special programmes for indigenous peoples (often the poorest of the poor) • Is an early supporter of community-designed and -managed rural development • Finances nutrition interventions

  11. Is food security best assured through food aid, through school feeding or through agriculture/income development? • Food aid as solution for malnutrition and hunger - Pro: in emergencies food aid is best way to save lives. Agriculture development comes too late or never - Con: Food aid is a disincentive to invest in agriculture and private marketing. It reduces farmers’ income • School feeding programmes - Pro: easiest and fastest way to get food to children when they have nutrition problems - Con: intervention from pregnancy to the first two years of life is more effective in dealing with under-nutrition in children. School feeding is too late • Agricultural production expansion - Pro: Provides food for consumption and income for poverty reduction - Con: There is no con

  12. Another way of looking at this: the poverty effect of a 1% productivity gain in agriculture, industry and services in India Source: Thirtle et all, 2002

  13. % change in malnourished children depends partly on public investment in agriculture, 2020 (IFPRI)

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