Grammar is easy

1. Tallinn Linnamae Russian Lyceum Grammar is easy Anna Davtjan 8b Teacher:Elena Soshina Tallinn 2006

2. The maintenance • Grammar tenses 1.Present Simple 3 2. Present Continuous 10 3. Past Simple 17 4. Present Perfect 26 5. Past Continuous 36 • Common test 43 • Internet Recourses 44

3. Present Simple

4. We use the present simple for permanent states, repeated actions and daily routines. USE • We form the present simple with the subject (noun or personal pronoun) and the verb. I write a letter. • Most verbs take -esor-s in the affirmative third person singular. She writes a letter

5. Affirmative I He write You write S She We It They

6. We use does not + the base form of the verb to form the negative third person singular. Negative He She It does not I You We They do not In all other persons we use do not.

7. The Interrogative form is formed by means of the Present Simple of the auxiliary verb to do and the infinitive of the notional verb without the particle to. Interrogative Do you get up at 7 o'clock every day? Yes, I do. No, I don't. Short answers:

8. Most verbs ending in -ss; -s; -ch; -sh; -tch; -z; -x; and -o;take -es in the third person singular. Spelling I teach he teaches Verbs ending in a consonant + y drop the -y and take -ies in the third person singular. he studies I play he plays I study BUT:

9. Tests • http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/pres1.htm • http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/presnq1.htm • Present Simple Tense

10. Present Continuous

11. We use the Present Continuous for actions happening now, at the moment of speaking. We use this tense with now, at present and at the moment. Use I am playing football now. She is eating an ice-cream at the moment.

12. Affirmative • To form the Present Continuous we use the verb «to be»and add -ing to the base form of the main verb. We I am eating eating He are You She is They It

13. In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb. Negative I amn't We You They eating He She It aren't isn't

14. In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. Interrogative Are we eating? Am I eating? Are you eating? Is she eating? Short answers: Yes, we are. ; Yes, I am. No, she is not.

15. Most verbs take -ing after the base form of the main verb. Verbs ending in one stressed vowel and consonant double the consonant and take -ing. Spelling Ex: swim-swimming • Verbs ending in -e drop the eand take -ing. Ex: make-making

16. Tests • http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/pcont1.htm • http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/pcontnq1.htm • Present Continuous Tense

17. Past Simple

18. USE • We use the Past Simple for actions which happened in the past and won’t happen again. Time expressions: yesterday, ago, last Monday/week/mouth, etc. I wached TV last night. He bought new clothes yesterday.

19. Affirmative • We form the affirmative of most regular verbs by adding -ed to the verb. I work-I worked. I He She It We You They worked

20. The interrogative and the negative forms • The interrogative and negative forms are formed by means of the Past Simple of the auxiliary verb to do (did) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the particle to. Did you write a letter last night? I did not have a party two days ago.

21. Negative • We form the negative of past simple with didn’t + base form on the verb. I didn't work yesterday. They did not listen to music. We did not go for a walk.

22. Interrogative • We form the interrogative of past simple with Did + personal subject pronoun + base form on the verb. Did she visit her grandparents last year? Short answers: Yes, she did. No, she didn't.

23. Spelling • We add -ed to most regular verbs. I work I worked We add -d to verbs ending in -e. I love I loved Verbs ending in consonant + y drop the -yand add -ied. I study I studied

24. Other verbs have irregular forms:become-became, say-said. Look at the list of irregular verbs. Eat- Be- was/were ate write- wrote Have- had Can- could Go- went

25. Tests • http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/pasted2.htm • http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/irpast2.htm • Past Simple Tense

26. Present Perfect

27. USE • We use the Present Perfect to talk about an action which happened in the past, without saying when it happened. He has been to Spain.( We don’t know when he went to Spain). I have already visited the Prado Museum. Time adverbs used with the present perfect: ever, just, yet, already, for, since, etc.

28. Formation • We form the Present Perfect with have/has and the past participle of the main verb. I have been to New York. She has lived in Paris.

29. Affirmative and negative forms • We usually form the past participle of regular verbs by adding -ed to the verb. Other verbs have irregular forms. • We form negations by putting not between have/has and the past participle. have haven't I He She It We You They I He She It We You They cleaned hasn't has haven't have

30. Interrogative • We form questions by putting have/has before the subject pronoun. Have I/we/you/they been to Turkey? Yes, I/we/you/they have. Short answers: No, I/we/you/they haven't

31. Present Perfect + Ever/Never • We use ever in questions and statements. Have you ever visited Brazil? Brazil is the best place I've ever visited. We use never in statements. He has never cut the grass. He hasn't cut the grass.

32. Present Perfect+Yet/Already • We use already in positive statements. We use yet in questions and negatives. Have you packed your suitcase yet? No, I haven't. I haven't packed it yet. Yes, I have. I have already packed it.

33. Present Perfect+Just • We use just in statements to show that an action finished only a few minutes earlier. Have you read a book yet? Yes, I've just read it.

34. Present Perfect+For/Since • We use for to express duration. I have been here for five days. We use since to state a starting point. I have been here since Monday.

35. Tests • http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/prperf1.htm • http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/upperf2.htm • http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/upperf3.htm • Present Perfect Tense

36. Past Continuous

37. USE • Two or more actions happening at the same time in the past. • Background information in a story. • Action interrupted by another shorter action in the past. • Action in progress at a stated in the past. We use the past continuous for: John was cutting the grass while Jenny was planting flowers. She was having a bath when the phone rang.

38. Affirmative • We form the past continuous with was/were ( past tense of the verb “to be”) and add -ing to the base form of the main verb. I He She It We You They playing were was

39. Negative • In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb. I He She It We You They cleaning wasn't weren't

40. Interrogative • In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. We You They I He She It sleeping Was Were

41. Spelling • Most verbs take -ing after the base form of the main verb. Verbs ending in one stressed vowel and consonant double the consonant and take -ing. Ex: wash - washing • Verbs ending in -e drop the eand take -ing. Ex: take - taking

42. Tests • http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-2110.php • http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-1453.php • Past Continuous

43. Common test • http://www.englishjet.com/english_courses_files/test_intermediate.asp

44. Internet Recourses • www.tolearnenglish.com • www.english.language.ru

45. THANKS FOR ATTENTION. My special gratitude for Elena Soshina!!!