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PEN in DRC

PEN in DRC. Riyong Kim Bakkegaard Putting PEN to Paper 23-28 March 2009 Bogor, Indonesia. I. Context. Central Africa Luki Biosphere Reserve : 32,968 hectares Tropical lowland rainforest. I. Context. Luki Biosphere Reserve 32,968 ha 5 study villages 207 HH. Average no. people per HH:

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PEN in DRC

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  1. PEN in DRC Riyong Kim Bakkegaard Putting PEN to Paper 23-28 March 2009 Bogor, Indonesia

  2. I. Context • Central Africa • Luki Biosphere Reserve : 32,968 hectares • Tropical lowland rainforest

  3. I. Context • Luki Biosphere Reserve 32,968 ha • 5 study villages • 207 HH Average no. people per HH: 4.7 Key sub-dimensions: Closeness to markets Level of migration

  4. II. Household income sources

  5. II. Household income sources

  6. II. Household income sources

  7. III. Income sources and seasonality

  8. III. Income sources and seasonality Aug – Oct (start rain) Nov-Jan (big rain) “lean period” planting Feb - Apr (little dry and little rain) May – Jul (dry)

  9. IV. Key forest and environmental products (1) Total Forest Income Product Net Inc. Share Cash Inc. Cash % Sub. Inc. Sub. % Firewood 2945250 38.89 56000 1.9 2889250 98.10 Bushmeat 1197765 15.82 443134.3 37.00 754630.7 63.00 Charcoal 864600 11.42 716150 82.83 13450 1.56 Other products found significant in own categories: Direct Forest Income: Palm nut, eru Forest Derived Income: Palm oil Non-forest Environmental Income: avocado, coffee

  10. IV. Key forest and environmental products (3) • Pricing • Own reported values • Contingent valuation • Checked own reported values (on Qtr1&2) • S.D. << mean for most • Mean ~ mode ~ median = little skewness • S.D > Mean or ↑ dispersion = naturally heterogenous products • Quality : Bushmeat, Wood for charcoal, Palm oil • Season : safu fruit, palm nut • Distance : firewood • Unit price matched ratio of quantities

  11. V. Income composition and poverty

  12. VI. Other patterns

  13. VI. Other patterns • Stepping stone out of poverty? • Top 50% of HH are > poverty line (IMF, 2007) • Higher quintiles earn more AFI and ACFI •  assists accumulation of wealth? • Higher quintiles exploit greater diversity and quantity of collected forest products, such as: • bushmeat, eru, safu fruit, mushroom, Marantaceae leaves for the production of chikuangue, as well as products not collected by lower quintiles e.g. timber, sawnwood etc.

  14. VI. Other patterns Pearson Correlation Net direct forest income (DFI) and distance Net forest derived income (FDI) and distance

  15. VII. Policies and overall findings • Latest Regression results on RFI and AFI show GENDER and ASSET wealth are significant • Pairwise correlations: • ↓ RFI with ↑ crop, livestock, biz and salary. • 1 village (12 km from mkt) • significant negative correlation between crop and business to RFI

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