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Chapter 16 Carbohydrates

Chapter 16 Carbohydrates. 16.1 Types of Carbohydrates 16.2 Classification of Monosaccharides 16.3 D and L Notations from Fischer Projections 16.4 Structures of Some Important Monosaccharides. Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are: A major source of energy from our diet.

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Chapter 16 Carbohydrates

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  1. Chapter 16 Carbohydrates 16.1 Types of Carbohydrates 16.2 Classification of Monosaccharides 16.3 D and L Notations from Fischer Projections 16.4 Structures of Some Important Monosaccharides

  2. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are: • A major source of energy from our diet. • Composed of the elements C, H and O. • Also called saccharides, which means “sugars.” • Produced by photosynthesis in plants.

  3. Photosynthesis and Respiration • Photosynthesis in plants requires CO2, H2O, and energy from the sun and produces carbohydrates, such as glucose [C6H12O6 =C(H2O)6]. • In respiration, glucose is oxidized in living cells to produce CO2, H2O, and energy.

  4. Types of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. • Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides. • Polysaccharides contain many monosaccharides.

  5. Classification of Monosaccharides • Aldoses are monosaccharides with an aldehyde group and many hydroxyl (-OH) groups. • Ketoses are monosaccharides with a ketone group and many hydroxyl (-OH) groups. Aldose Aldose Ketose

  6. Monosaccharides • Monosaccharides are also classified according to the number of carbon atoms. • A triose has three carbons; a tetrose has four carbons; a pentose has five carbons; and a hexose has six carbons. triose tetrose hexose

  7. Fischer Projections A Fischer projection • Is used to represent carbohydrates. • Places the most oxidized group at the top. • Uses horizontal lines for bonds that come forward. • Uses vertical lines for bonds that go back.

  8. D and L Notations • By convention, the letter L is assigned to the structure with the —OH on the left. • The letter D is assigned to the structure with —OH on the right.

  9. D and L Monosaccharides • The —OH on the chiral atom farthest from the carbonyl group is used to assign the D or L configuration.

  10. D-Glucose D-Glucose is: • Found in fruits, corn syrup, and honey. • An aldohexose with the formula C6H12O6. • Known as blood sugar in the body.

  11. Blood Glucose Level • In the body, glucose has a normal concentration of 70-90 mg/dL. • In a glucose tolerance test, blood glucose is measured for several hours after ingesting glucose.

  12. D-Fructose D-Fructose: • Is a ketohexose C6H12O6. • Is the sweetest carbohydrate. • Is found in fruit juices and honey. • Converts to glucose in the body.

  13. D-Galactose D-Galactose: • Is not found free in nature. • Is obtained from lactose, a disaccharide. • Is important in cellular membranes.

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