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LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT

2. A Topical Approach to. LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT. Biological Beginnings. John W. Santrock. The Evolutionary Perspective. The Evolutionary Perspective. Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior

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LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT

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  1. 2 A Topical Approach to LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT Biological Beginnings John W. Santrock

  2. The Evolutionary Perspective The Evolutionary Perspective • Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior • Evolutionary psychology—emphasizes importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior

  3. The Evolutionary Perspective Evolutionary Developmental Psychology • Extended “juvenile” period • Aspects of childhood as preparations for adulthood • Some characteristics of childhood adaptive • Evolved psychological mechanisms

  4. The Evolutionary Perspective Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology • Remains just one theoretical approach • Evolution does not dictate behavior • Biology allows broad range of cultural possibilities

  5. Genetic Foundations DNA: The Collaborative Gene • DNA—complex molecule that contains genetic information • Genes—units of hereditary information composed of DNA • Chromosomes—threadlike structures that contain sequences of genes

  6. Genetic Foundations Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA

  7. Genetic Foundations Mitosis, Meiosis, and Fertilization Mitosis Cellular reproduction in which cell’s nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells Specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (gametes) Meiosis Process that, in humans, begins when a female gamete (ovum) is fertilized by a male gamete (sperm) Reproduction Single cell formed through fertilization Zygote

  8. Genotype Person’s genetic heritage; actual genetic material Phenotype Way an individual’s genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics Genetic Foundations Genotypes and Phenotypes

  9. Genetic Foundations Genetic Principles • Dominant-Recessive Genes Principle • Sex-Linked Genes • Genetic Imprinting • Polygenetic Inheritance

  10. Genetic Foundations How Brown-Eyed Parents Can Have a Blue-Eyed Child

  11. Genetic Foundations Responsiveness of Genotypes to Environmental Influences

  12. Genetic Foundations Reaction Range • Range of possible phenotypes for each genotype, suggesting importance of environment’s restrictiveness or richness • Canalization—process by which characteristics take a narrow path or developmental course

  13. Genetic Foundations Chromosome and Gene-Linked Abnormalities • Down Syndrome—chromosomally transmitted form of mental retardation • Caused by extra (47th) chromosome • Sex-linked Chromosome Abnormalities • Caused by problems with sex chromosomes

  14. Genetic Foundations Sex-Linked Chromosome Abnormalities KlinefelterSyndrome Males have an extra X chromosome Fragile X syndrome Abnormality in the X chromosome Turner syndrome Females missing an X chromosome XYY syndrome Males have an extra Y chromosome

  15. Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences Behavior Genetics • Behavior genetics—seeks to discover influence of heredity and environment on individuals • Twin study—behavioral similarity of identical twins compared with fraternal twins • Adoption study—whether adopted children are more like their adoptive parents or their biological parents

  16. Genotype-Environment Correlations

  17. Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences Shared and Non-Shared Environmental Experiences • Shared environmental experiences—siblings’ common environmental experiences • Non-shared environmental experiences—child’s unique experiences, both within family and outside family, that are not shared by another sibling

  18. Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences The Epigenetic View • Emphasizes development is result of an ongoing, bi-directional interchange between heredity and environment

  19. The Heredity-Environment and Epigenetic Views

  20. Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences Conclusions about Heredity-Environment Interaction • Heredity and environment operate together • Relative contributions of heredity and environment are not additive • Many complex behaviors likely have some genetic loading

  21. Prenatal Development The Germinal Period • Takes place in the first 2 weeks after conception • Includes creation of zygote, continued cell division, and attachment of zygote to uterine wall

  22. Prenatal Development The Embryonic Period • Occurs 2 to 8 weeks after conception • Rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells form, and organs appear

  23. Prenatal Development The Placenta and the Umbilical Cord

  24. Prenatal Development The Fetal Period • Begins 2 months after conception and lasts for 7 months until birth. • Growth and development continue, features and functions develop.

  25. Prenatal Development Teratogens and the Prenatal Environment • Teratogen—agent that causes a birth defect • Severity and type of damage influenced by: • Dose • Genetic susceptibility • Time of exposure

  26. PsychoactiveDrugs Alcohol Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)—abnormalities that appears in offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy Nicotine Cocaine Marijuana Heroin Prenatal Development Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs

  27. Prenatal Development Environmental Hazards • Lead • Radiation • Certain pesticides • Petrochemicals • Pollutants • Toxic wastes

  28. Prenatal Development Infectious Diseases • Rubella • Syphilis • Genital herpes • AIDS

  29. Prenatal Development Incompatible Blood Types • Blood group • Rh factor

  30. Prenatal Development Other Parental Factors • Nutrition • Maternal Age • Emotional States • Stress

  31. Birth The Transition from Fetus to Newborn • Considerable stress for baby • Adrenaline and noradrenalin secreted • First breaths may be the hardest ones

  32. Birth Childbirth Setting and Attendants • In U.S. • 99 percent of births take place in hospitals • 90 percent are attended by physicians • 6 percent attended by midwife

  33. Birth Low Birth Weight Infants • Low Birth Weight—born after regular period of gestation but weigh less than 5 and a half pounds • Preterm—born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached full term • Small for date—birth weights below normal when length of pregnancy is considered

  34. Birth Consequences of Low Birth Weight • Brain injuries • Lung or breathing problems • Liver diseases • More likely to have later learning disability, attention deficit disorder

  35. Birth Apgar Scale • Widely used method to assess the health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth • Infants’ heart rate • Respiratory effort • Muscle tone • Body color • Reflex irritability

  36. Birth Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale • Given several days after birth to assess: • Neurological development • Reflexes • Reactions to people

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