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Tragic Civil Wars: A Century of Ethnic Conflicts

Explore the devastating impact of ethnic conflicts and civil wars worldwide, with historical data on major conflicts and an analysis of the toll on human life. Learn about the intricacies of these conflicts and their repercussions on society. Dive into statistics, case studies, and historical contexts to understand the complex dynamics at play in civil wars. Discover the human cost of violence and the lasting effects on communities and nations.

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Tragic Civil Wars: A Century of Ethnic Conflicts

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  1. SUNDAY BIBLE ZIRNAK Mathew 24:7 “Ram khat le ram khat, peng khat le peng khat an do aw ding.” KUM ZABU20TH, RAAL BUAI RUANGIH THIHLO PAWL RAM, KUM, BUAINAK, MITHI ZAT: 100 million Kan dung kumzakhat sung raalbuairuangahmithizatzohasileBawiZesu in a simmi cu a thlengzoasititheihasi. FCCI, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

  2. First World War (1914-18): 15 000 000 • A. Russian Civil War (1917-22): 9 000 000 • Second World War (1937-45): 55 000 000 • A. Chinese Civil War (1945-49): 2 500 000 [make link] • Tibet (1950 et seq.): 600 000 • Congo Free State (1886-1908): 8 000 000 • Mexican Revolution (1910-20): 1 000 000 • Armenian Massacres (1915-23): 1 500 000 • Korean War (1950-53): 2 800 000 • North Korea (1948 et seq.) 2,000,000 • Rwanda and Burundi (1959-95): 1 350 000: Hutu le Tutsi thahawknak • Burundi: 1960 – 2005: 300,000 • . Second Indochina War (1960-75): 3 500 000 • Ethiopia (1962-92): 1 400 000 • Nigeria (1966-70): 1 000 000 • Bangladesh (1971): 1 250 000 • Cambodia, Khmer Rouge (1975-1978): 1 650 000 • Mozambique (1975-1992): 1 000 000 • Afghanistan (1979-2001): 1 800 000 • Iran-Iraq War (1980-88): 1 000 000 • Sudan (1983 et seq.): 1 900 000 • Kinshasa Congo (1998 et seq.): 3 800 000

  3. Raal Ruangih Mithi • International Red Cross in a simdanvekasilekumzabi 20 sungahmilai 100 million tlukihralruangah an thi, thah an tuartiasi. Kumzabi 20 sungahramkulh 193 in ralbuainak an tawngihhriamhreithawnkahawknak 65 a thleng. • Leitlunralpivoihnihnak a cemhnulamahralkahawknaknasazetzetvoi 150 a thleng (kumkhat ah a malbikmilai 1000 lenglothihnak) le ralkahawknakfatete cu voitampi a suak bet. Leitlunralpivoihnihnakcemhnu ah kumzabi 20 sungahralruangahmithi hi million 23 leng lo an si. • the International Institute of Stategic Studies (IISS) in a simvekasile 1999 kumkatsungahralruangahmilai 100,000 (thawngzakhattluk) an thi. Zakhat ah sawmruk (60%) pawl cu Sub-sahara Africa ram pawl ihsin an si. 1999 kumkhatsungahleitlunralthuamzuarman hi US $ 53.4 billion asiihkumkhatsungahleitlunpum in ralkaphrangsumpaihman mi hi $ 809 billion hnakih tam asi. USA hi a tambik, 49.1% neituasi.     • Civil wars ( nation against nation ) "For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom ... " (Mt 24:7) • The Greek word for "nation" originally used in this prophecy, is ethnos, which is more accurately translated "a race" or "a tribe". Jesus was sying that ethnic groups would rise against each other ; a prophecy dreadfully fulfilled in former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and other trouble spots around the world. • The Associated Press (AP) reports that during the 20th century, the murders perpetrated by dominant clans or ethnic groups in nations against other clans or ethnic groups in their own countries have exceeded the deaths caused by wars with rivals outside their borders. • In the seven years following the end of the Cold War in 1989, an estimated 101 conflicts raged. Most were wars not between states but within states. They were fought by opposing groups with unsophisticated weapons. In Rwanda, for example, much of the killing was done with machetes. 

  4. Deaths in Civil Wars Compiled 1999 from articles in AP, The Independant, State Department, Center for Defense Information, CIA, World Almanac.    1990's:   • Algeria : 75,000, 1992-98;    • Burundi : 150,000-250,000, 1993-99; Tutsis and Hutus   • Colombia : 1,200 civilians, 1998;, and more than 300,000  displaced by violence.  • Guatemala : 200,000, 1960-96;   • Kosovo : 2,000, 1998;   • Liberia : 150,000, 1989-97;   • Nothern Ireland : 3,250, 1968-98;   • Rwanda ; 500,000-1,000,000, 1994; A 90 day slaughter of Tutsis or moderate Hutus   • Sierra Leone : 14,000, 1992-99; war between the Revolutionary United Front and the government,   • Spain : 800, 1961-69; Basque seperatists -assassinations and car bombings.   • Sri Lanka : 57,000, 1983-99; Tamil rebels vs. government   • Sudan : 1.5 million, 1983-99; Rebels/Christian and animist vs. the Arab and Muslim north in a conflict marked by famine.   Turkey : 37,000, 1984-99; Kurdish rebels =Turkey, using guerilla bases in northern Iraq.  

  5. First World War, Russian Civil War • First World War (1914-18): 15 000 000 • 8,500,000 military deaths: U.S. War Dept. in Feb. 1924, amended by the Statistical Services Center, Office of the Secretary of Defense on 7 Nov. 1957 • In The Defeat of Imperial Germany 1917-1918, Rod Paschall cites a study by Arthur Banks. I've also consulted John Ellis & Michael Cox, The World War I Databook ("E&C"): • Second World War (1937-45): 55 000 000 • Note: Most historians, about 50 million (including wartime atrocities). • Haywood: Atlas of World History (1997): 50M • Keegan, J., The Second World War (1989): 50M • Messenger, The Chronological Atlas of World War Two (1989): 50M • The Times Concise Atlas of World History (1988): 50M • J.M. Roberts, Twentieth Century (1999): >50M • Urlanis: 50M • Soldiers: 22.0M • Civilians • In camps, from Fascist terror: 12.0M • From hostilites, blockade, epidemics, hunger: 14.5M • From bombing: 1.5M

  6. A. Russian Civil War (1917-22): 9 000 000 • A. Russian Civil War (1917-22): 9 000 000 • Readers Companion to Military History, Cowley and Parker, eds. (1996) [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_045400_russiancivil.ht • B. Soviet Union, Stalin's regime (1924-53): 20 000 000 • Note: • Rummel, 1990: 61,911,000 democides in the USSR 1917-87, of which 51,755,000 occurred during the Stalin years. This divides up into: • 1923-29: 2,200,000 (plus 1M non-democidal famine deaths) • 1929-39: 15,785,000 (plus 2M non-democidal famine) • 1939-45: 18,157,000 • 1946-54: 15,613,000 (plus 333,000 non-democidal famine) • TOTAL: 51,755,000 democides and 3,333,000 non-demo. famine

  7. 4. Chinese Civil War; Tibetans A. Chinese Civil War (1945-49): 2 500 000 • Bercovitch & Jackson: 100,000 ; Dan Smith: 1,000,000 ; Eckhardt: 1,000,000 from all causes ; Small & Singer: 1,000,000 battle deaths ; Wallechinsky: 1,200,000 battle deaths ; Walker, Robert L., The Human Cost of Communism in China (1971): 1,250,000 ; Gilbert, citing Ho Ping-ti: 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 total deaths ;’ Our Times: 3,000,000 B.People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong's regime (1949-1975): • 40 000 000 ; Agence France Press (25 Sept. 1999) C. Tibet (1950 et seq.): 600 000 • Free Tibet Campaign [http://www.freetibet.org/info/facts/fact1.html] • Note: Tibetans killed by the Chinese since 1950: 1,200,000 • Died in prisons and labour camps between 1950 and 1984: up to 260,000 • 1959 Uprising: 430,000 died ( K. in Reprisals: 87,000) • Our Times: 1,200,000 ; Courtois: 600,000 - 1,200,000; Walker, Robert: 500,000-1,000,000 (all ethnic minorities); • Rummel: 375,000 democides inflicted on etnic minorities ; ... incl 150,000 Tibetans • Porter: 100,000 to 150,000; Eckhardt: 1950-51 War: 2,000 civ. 1956-59 Revolt: 60,000 civ. + 40,000 mil. = 100,000 • Harff and Gurr: 65,000 Tibetan nationalists, landowners, Buddhists killed, 1959 • Small & Singer say that China lost 40,000 soldiers in Tibet between 1956 and '59.

  8. 6. Congo Free State (1886-1908): 8 000 000 • Congo ram buainakruangahmithi pawl hi ziangzatciah an si ding tifiangtentheihtheihasi lo ruangah an simdan a bang aw lo celcel. • Roger Casement's original 1904: 3 million natnakinthi; ihsin 1888 (cited in Gilbert's History of the Twentieth Century; also in Colin Legum, Congo Disaster (1972)). • Peter Forbath (The River Congo (1977)): 5 million thi • John Gunther (Inside Africa (1953)): 5-8 million • Adam Hochschild (Leopold's Ghost, (1998)): 10 million, lole Congo mipumzatehrekkhattluk an thi . • Britannica, "Congo Free State": Congo ram mipumzat hi 20 lole 30 million ihsin 8 million tluklawng an tang. • Fredric WerthamA Sign For Cain : A Exploration of Human Violence (1966): Congo ramsungmipunzat hi 30M ihsin 8.5M ah an tla, ih 21.5 million an hlo.

  9. 6. Mexican Revolution ; 7 Armenian Massacres 6. Mexican Revolution (1910-20): 1 000 000 • Mexican revolution ruangahmilaiziangzatciah an thiti an simthei lo ruangah an simdan a bang aw lo celcel: • 1 Milion: (Peter Calvert, Mexico, 1973); (C. Cumberland, Mexican Revolution: the constitutionalist years, 1972); (Crow, The Epic of Latin America); Encyclopedia Americana (2003); (Wallechensky) • 2 – 2,142,000 million" (R.J. Rummel) • 2 million" (T.R. Fehrenbach, Fire and Blood, 1973) 7. Armenian Massacres (1915-23): 1 500 000 • Porter: 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 • Rummel: 1,404,000 domestic, 83,000 foreign • War Annual 8 (1997): 1,500,000 • [http://www.kultur.gov.tr/portal/default_en.asp?belgeno=3338]

  10. 8. Korean War 8. Korean War (1950-53): 2 800 000 Ralkapthi: [MEDIAN: 113,248]; Zatethizat: ; 1,333,060 killed + 1,067,740 missing (Nahm93, not including Chinese); 1,892,000 (S&S, not including civilians) ; 2,454,000 (Compton's); 2,488,744 (Wallechinsky) ; 2,854,000 (Britannica) ; 2,889,000 (Eckhardt) ; 3,000,000 (D. Smith) ; 3,000,000 (B&J) ; 3,062,000 (Rummel) : 3,500,000 (Lewy, incl. 2-3M civilians) • MEDIAN: 2,950,000 • American: Ralkapthi 46568 • Atrocities: 1950 massacre in Seoul by North Koreans: 128,936 (Nahm93); 100,000 (Dictionary of 20C World History) 9. North Korea (1948 et seq.) 2,000,000 • Communist regime: Rummel: Communist regime of North Korea a thah mi 1,663,000 (1948-1987) • North Korean mi: 1,293,000 ; South Korean mi: 363,000 • Courtois, Stephane, Le Livre Noir du Communism: 2,000,000 • Party sung thianhlimnak ah thah mi: 100,000 ; Concentration camps ah thah mi: 1.5M • 23 June 2003 US News & WR: 400,000 mithi, kum 30 sungah. The Center for the Advancement of North Korean Human Rights: 400,000 thlawngtla pawl an thi, 1972 ihsin. [http://www.nkhumanrights.or.kr/oldnkhuman/eng/nk/nknews12_01.html] • Pam (Famine), 1995-98 ; 13 March 1999, Agence France Presse: 3,500,000 thi, 12/1998 ; 19 Oct. 2000 Guardian: 3M MSF: 3.5M [http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/other/deadly_2001.shtml]19 Oct. 2003 NY Times: 2M pamruangahthi. 10 May 1999, AP: The North Korean govt. in sim: 220,000 pamruangahthi (1995-98) ; US Congressional delegation: 2M ; South Korean intelligence: North Korea mipumtlaniam 25M to 22M.

  11. Rwanda and BurundiBurundi 9. Rwanda and Burundi (1959-95): 1 350 000: Hutu le Tutsi thahawknak • Cambridge Encyclopedia of Africa: 10,000 (1959-61) • Edgerton : 1959: 20,000 Tutsi thi, Hutu pawl thah mi; 1963: 10,000 Tutsi thi. • Harff & Gurr: 5,000 - 14,000 (1963-64); Eckhardt: 102,000 civ. + 3,000 mil. = 105,000 (1956-65) • D.Smith: 20,000 (1959-61) + 100,000 (1962-66) = 120,000 ; WHPSI: 21,000 (1964), 5,000 (1966), ; S&S: 2,500 (1963-64) • Rwanda (1994, primarily Tutsi killed by Hutu) 937 000 ; • [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/3582267.stm] • TOTAL OF MEDIANS: 1.2 M 10. Burundi :1960 – 2005: 300,000 • BBC : Country Profiles: 300,000 since 1993 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1068873.stm] • 22 April, 2005: 250,000 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4472135.stm] • 15 July 2003 MSN/Reuters: >300,000, mostly civilians, since 1993

  12. Second Indochina War Ethiopia 13. Second Indochina War (1960-75): 3 500 000thi Vietnam War (1965-73): 1 700 000 • South Vietnam military: [MEDIAN: 224,000] • North Vietnamese military and Viet Cong: [MEDIAN: starred*: 1,000,000. unstarred: 666,000] • South Vietnamese civilians: [MEDIAN: starred*: ca. 1,500,000. unstarred: 300,000] 14. Ethiopia (1962-92): 1 400 000 • WHPSI: 34,825 (1977); Chicago Tribune (10 Nov. 1985); Ogaden War: 25-30,000 ; Eritrean War: 20,000; SIPRI 1989 estimated ; Ogaden War (1964-88): 40,000 ; Eritrean War (1962-88); 45,000 military; 50,000 civilian • B&J : 1st Ogaden War (1964): 700 ; 2nd Ogaden War (1972-78): 30,000 ; 3rd Ogaden War (1987-88): 300 ; Eritrean War (1965-93): 200,000 • TOTAL: 231,000

  13. * Nigeria (1966-70): 1 000 000* Bangladesh (1971): 1 250 000 15. Nigeria (1966-70): 1 000 000 • Coup, 1966: Harff & Gurr: 9-30,000 Ibos (1966) ; Edgerton: 5,000 to 50,000 Ibos • Biafran War, 1967-70: MEDIAN: 1.0 M+ 16. Bangladesh (1971): 1 250 000 WHPSI: 307,013 deaths by pol.viol. in Pakistan, 1971; D.Smith says 500,000 ; S&S: 500,000 (Civil War, Mar.-Dec. 1971) ; 1984 World Almanac: up to 1,000,000 civilians; Hartman: 1,000,000 Bengalis ; B&J: 1,000,000 Bengalis; Kuper /Chaudhuri:1,247,000 -3,000,000. • MEDIAN: 1,000,000-1,250,000 • 3 million dead. [AP 30 Dec. 2000; Agence France Presse 3 Oct. 2000; • Rounaq Johan: 3,000,000 (in Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views, Samuel Totten, ed., (1997)) ; Compton's Encyclopedia, "Genocide": 3,000,000 ; Encyclopedia Americana (2003), "Bangladesh": 3,000,000

  14. 17. Cambodia, Khmer Rouge (1975-1978): 1 650 000 • Pol Pot ihthah mi pawl: Math Ly, member of Cambodian Politburo: 3,300,000 (21 May 1987 AP) ; Rummel: 2,000,000 domestic + 35,000 foreign democides; SIPRI 1989: 2,000,000 ; Elizabeth Becker When the War Was Over (1986): 2,000,000 ; D. Smith: 1 to 3 million ; Eckhardt: 1,500,000 civ. + 500,000 mil. = 2,000,000 ; War Annual 6: 2,000,000 ; Kutler, Stanley: Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War (1996): 2M ; Courtois, Stephane, Le Livre Noir du Communism: 1,300,000 to 2,300,000 ; Clodfelter, Michael, Vietnam in Military Statistics (1995): 1,200,000 to 2,000,000; Wallechinsky: between 1 and 2 million; Dict.Wars: 1M ("Cambodian Civil War of 1970-75") to 2M ("Kampuchean Civil War of 1978-98") ; P. Johnson: 1,200,000; Marie Martin, Cambodia, a Shattered Society (1994) cites; US State Dept.: 1.2-1.8M ; Demographer En Meng Try: 1.0-1.2M. • Encarta: "...may have caused more than 1 million...“ Chandler, David, Brother Number One (1992): "conservative estimate" of 800,000 to 1,000,000; Marilyn Young, The Vietnam Wars: 1945-1990 (1991): in the text she gives the range of estimates as 0.7 to 2.0 M. In a footnote, she favorably cites Michael Vickery's estimate of 700,000 to 1,000,000; Chomsky (1987): 750,000, citing Vickery.

  15. 20. Mozambique • Mozambique (1975-1992): 1 000 000 • Govtvs RENAMO ; The War Annual 4 (1990), est. 100,000 killed, 300,000 starved, 1979-89. SIPRI 1990: 7-9,000 military + 100,000 civilian (1985-89); Washington Post estimates:; 100,000 (5 Oct 1988) ; 600,000-1,000,000 (26 Nov 1990) ; 600,000 (17 Dec 1992) ; an additional 100,000 after the fighting resumed in 1992 (28 Nov 1993) • Encarta est. 900,000 by 1990; Dan Smith (1997) est. 1 million. ; BBC: 1,000,000 (1977-92) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1063120.stm] ; Edgerton: 1,000,000+ B&J: 1,000,000 (1976-92);   • Atrocities, civilians murdered by RENAMO • 20 May 1988 Facts on File World News Digest (citing US State Dept.): 100,000 k. in previous 2 years. [1986-mid-1988] ; 1988 Gersony Report (US State Dept.): 100,000 ; Young: 100-200,000 ; [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1991/YLS.htm] • Dictionary of 20C World History: 1M

  16. 20. Afghanistan 21. Iran-Iraq War • Afghanistan (1979-2001): 1 800 000 • Soviets vs. Mujahideen vs. Govt. vs. Taliban • War Annual 6 (1994): 1,000,000 ; Britannica Annual (1994): 1,500,000 ; Wallechinsky (1995): 1,300,000 ; D.Smith (1995): 1,500,000 ; B&J (1997): 1,500,000 (1979-95) ; Dictionary of 20C World History (1997): 1M ; CDI: 1,550,000 (1978-97) ; 29 April 1999 AP: 2,000,000 ; Dict.Wars: >2M ; 23 May 1999 Denver Rocky ; Mtn News: 1,800,000 ; Ploughshares 2000: 1,500,000 ; • [MEDIAN of latest five: 1,800,000]  • Partials: USA Today (17 Apr. 1992): more than 2 million; [MEDIAN: 1.5M] • 20 Sept 2001 Christian Science Monitor: 400,000 civilian deaths in the 1990s [http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0920/p1s3-wosc.html] • Iran-Iraq War (1980-88): 1 000 000 • MEDIAN: 700,000-1,000,000 , ziangzatciahmithi an sitireltheih lo ruangah report tampilakihsin an simmilailaklakkhawmmiasi. • [http://www.president.ir/cronicnews/1380/8003/800301/800301.htm]

  17. 23. Sudan 24. Kinshasa Congo 22. Sudan (1983 et seq.): 1 900 000 • War Annual 4 (1990): 500,000 dead, 1983-89 ; Dunnigan (1991): 500,000 ;Washington Post: 500,000 (12 Feb. 1993) ;Detroit Free Press (AP): 1,300,000 (14 Jan. 1997) [http://www.freep.com/news/nw/qsudan14.htm] ; B&J (1997): 1,500,000 (1983-95); SIPRI 1997: 37,000 to 40,000 battle dead ; CDI: 1,000,000 (1983-97) ; BBC News Online: 1,500,000 (4 June 1998) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/low/english/world/africa/newsid_106000/106635.stm] • Time: 1,500,000 killed, 1983-98 (27 July 1998); U.S. Committee for Refugees: 1,900,000 (Quantifying Genocide in Southern Sudan and the Nuba Mountains, 10 Dec. 1998) [http://www.refugees.org/news/crisis/sudan.pdf] 1993 est.1.3M. • Dict.Wars (1999): 1.5M (1956-98) ; 29 April 1999 AP: 1.5M ; Ploughshares 2000: 2M; 23 May 1999 Denver Rocky Mtn News: 2M ; 10 Nov. 2003 Baltimore Sun: 1.5M • NY Times 27 June 2004: >2M ; [MEDIAN of last 7 estimates: 1.9M] 23. Kinshasa Congo (1998 et seq.): 3 800 000 • International Rescue Committee, newest study: 3,800,000 excess deaths in D.R. Congo from the start of the Second Congo War through April 30, 2005. [http://intranet.theirc.org/docs/DRC_MortalitySurvey2004_RB_8Dec04.pdf]

  18. Mathew 24:7: “Ram khat le ram khat, pengkhat le pengkhat an do aw ding.” RA AW, BAWIPA ZESU RA ZAANG AW, KAN LO HNGAK!

  19. RA AW, BAWIPA ZESU RA ZAANG AW, KAN LO HNGAK!

  20. FCCI, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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