Social Groups

1. Social Groups

2. People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another • Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging • Groups are not to be confused with: • Aggregate- a number of people who happen to be in one place but don’t interact • Shoppers standing in line • Category- people who share similar characteristics but don’t interact with one another or consider each others interest • All people who wear glasses Groups

3. Groups that are characterized by cooperative, intimate, long-term face- to-face relationships • Family and friends • Meets the basic need of humans to have a sense of belonging and the feeling of being appreciated • The values and attitudes of the primary group become fused into our identity • Continue to influence how we see the world Primary Groups

4. Larger, more anonymous, more formal and more impersonal than primary groups • Based on some interest of activity • American Sociological Association, Democratic Party, etc. • Members are likely to interact on the basis of specific roles: president, manager, worker, student • Secondary groups tend to break down into primary groups: cliques at school or work Secondary Group

5. Voluntary associations are secondary groups made up of volunteers who have organized on the basis of some mutual interest • Boy Scouts for example • Inner circle- key members in the association • Iron law of oligarchy- the tendency of the inner core to dominate the organization by become elites Voluntary Associations

6. In-Groups: groups toward which individuals feel loyalty • provide a sense of belonging • Out-Group: those toward which the feel antagonism • Help to reinforce the loyalty of members in the in-group • “US” vs. “THEM” • According to Robert K. Merton, the behaviors of an in-group’s members are seen as virtues, while the same behaviors by members of an out-group are viewed as vices In-groups and Out-groups

7. Groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves, whether or not we actually belong to those groups • Family, neighbors, teachers, classmates, co-workers, members of your church • Can be a group you don’t belong to- college students • Exert great influence over behavior- clothing, hairstyles, speech, etc. Reference Groups

8. Consist of people who are linked by various social ties • Cliques for example • Our interactions within social networks connect us to the larger society • Think Facebook-everyone you know, everyone they know, and so on. • Tend to perpetuate social inequality in which whom you know might be more important that what you know • Good old boy network Social Networks

9. How individuals affect groups and how groups affect individuals • Size of the group is significant • Dyad- 2 ppl smallest most fragile of all human groupings • Triad- 3 ppl bond between 2 of the members is stronger, someone left out • As more members are added stability increases but intimacy decreases Group Dynamics

10. As it grows there is a diffusion of responsibility • Think about group work, the more people in the group the less you actually have to do • As it grows, the group loses it sense of intimacy • Group becomes more formal • As it grows, group tends to divide into smaller groups • cliques Effects of Group Size on Behavior

11. Groups generally reward members who conform to their norms Group opinions strongly influence individual behavior and judgment toward that of the group. Groups and Behavior

12. People who influence the behavior, opinions, or attitudes of others • Who becomes a leader? • People who are perceived by group members as strongly representing their values or as able to lead a group out of a crisis Group Leaders

13. 2 types of leaders: • Instrumental (task-oriented)- try to keep the group moving toward its goal • Expressive (socioemotional) those who are less likely to be recognized as leaders but help with the group’s morale • 3 types of leadership styles: • Authoritarian leaders- those who give orders and don’t explain why they praise or condemn a person’s work • Democratic leaders- those who try and gain a consensus by explaining proposed actions, suggesting alternative approaches and giving facts as the basis for evaluation • Laissez-faire leaders- those who are passive and give the group almost total freedom to do as they wish Types of leaders

14. Group decision making is slower but tend to be more accurate People in groups are more willing to make riskier decisions Group decision making v. individual decision making

15. A study by Dr. Soloman Asch indicated that people are greatly influenced by peer pressure The group is so powerful that most people are willing to say things that they know are not true just to go along Peer Pressure

16. Groupthink- coined by Irving Janis to refer to the collective tunnel vision that group members sometimes develop • As they begin to think alike, they become convinced that there is only one “right” viewpoint and a single course of action • Comes with great consequences • Post 9/11 and Guantanamo Bay Power of Authority