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Building the Classical World: Hebrews, Persians and Greeks, 1100-336 B.C.E.

Building the Classical World: Hebrews, Persians and Greeks, 1100-336 B.C.E. The West CHAPTER 3. Settlement in Canaan. Ca. 1100 Hapiru (Hebrews) arrived in Canaan from Egypt, with a monotheistic religion Confederation of Hebrew tribes evolved in Canaan

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Building the Classical World: Hebrews, Persians and Greeks, 1100-336 B.C.E.

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  1. Building the Classical World: Hebrews, Persians and Greeks, 1100-336 B.C.E. The West CHAPTER 3

  2. Settlement in Canaan • Ca. 1100 Hapiru (Hebrews) arrived in Canaan from Egypt, with a monotheistic religion • Confederation of Hebrew tribes evolved in Canaan • Ca. 1020 Saul chosen as first Hebrew king

  3. The Israelite Kingdoms • David (ca. 1000-962 B.C.E.) developed centralized government from Jerusalem • Solomon (ca. 962-922) built the first temple of Jerusalem and developed international commercial and diplomatic links • Ca. 922 B.C.E. division of Hebrew kingdom into Israel and Judah

  4. The Hebrew Prophets • Critique of moral and and religious decay • Elijah (ninth century B.C.E.) taught that kings and rulers were not above the law • Amos and Isaiah (eighth century B.C.E.) attacked social and religious hypocrisy • Jeremiah (ca. 627 B.C.E.) challenged Jerusalem’s priesthood

  5. Destruction of the Israelite Kingdoms • 733 B.C.E. Assyrians conquer Israel • 597 B.C.E. Babylonians sack Jerusalem and burn the Temple of Solomon • 20,000 Hebrews deported to Babylon • Babylonian astronomy influenced Hebrew calendar

  6. Second Temple Judaism • 515 B.C.E. Second Temple of Jerusalem built • Ezra (ca. 458 B.C.E.) instituted reformed temple worship • Compilation of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament): established a moral vision of human existence

  7. Cyrus the Great and Persian Expansion • Cyrus the Great (550-530 B.C.E.) founded the largest empire in the known world, stretching from India to the Mediterranean • Government based on tolerance of all religious and ethnic groups • Zoroastrianism: official religion of Persian empire included concepts of a final judgment, and of heaven and hell

  8. The Achaemenid Dynasty • Founded by Darius in 522 B.C.E. • Reorganized administration into a provincial system of satrapies • Military failures of Darius and Xerxes, against the Greeks, demonstrated the limits of Persian imperial expansion

  9. The Dark Age (ca. 1100-750 B.C.E. • Urban life disappeared • Collapse of maritime trade • Decline in agriculture and population • Interaction of Ionian Greeks with Phoenicians, from ca. 800 B.C.E., marked the end of Greek isolation

  10. The Archaic Age (ca. 750-479 B.C.E.) • New literary works and themes: Iliad and Odyssey • New social and political forms: the polis (city-state), tyranny, democracy • Colonization of coastal regions in Italy, France, Spain and North Africa spread Greek culture and language throughout the Mediterranean

  11. Sparta: A Military Society • Political power held by male warriors - “the Equals” • Control of helots through terror • Valued courage, blind obedience, personal simplicity and contempt for fear and pain • Military bonds outweighed family

  12. Athens: Towards Democracy • First democracy of the ancient world • Solon (ca. 650-570 B.C.E.) limited power of aristocracy, opened political participation to all male citizens and abolished debt-slavery • Cleisthenes, in 508 B.C.E., founded the council of 500

  13. The Persian Wars • Marathon, 490 B.C.E. - Athenians and allies defeat superior Persian army • Thermopylae, 480 B.C.E. - Spartans and allies delay Persian invasion force • Salamis, 480 B.C.E. - Athenian navy routs Persian navy in one day • Plataea, 479 B.C.E. - final Persian attempt to invade Greece ends in defeat

  14. The Rise and Fall of the Athenian Empire • Athens transformed the Delian League into an empire • Pericles (461-429 B.C.E.) chief architect of the Athenian empire • 431-404 B.C.E. - Peloponnesian War fought between Athens and Sparta • Athenian democracy survived the collapse of the Athenian empire

  15. Society and Religion in Classical Greece • Strict gender hierarchy in favor of males • Idealization of male homosexual relations • Economic prosperity and cultural legacy founded upon slavery • Polytheistic religion

  16. Intellectual Life • Use of dramatic performances to examine social values • Pioneered scientific thought, by seeking to explain natural phenomena without reference to divinity • Foundation of causal, historical writing • Development of philosophical thought • Foundation of artistic ideas of beauty, symmetry and proportion

  17. Classical Foundations of the West • Religious and ethical teachings of Hebrews • Administrative efficiency of Persian empire • Political, philosophical and artistic ideas of Greek culture

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