Computer Literacy Foundations of Information Systems Infrastructure

1. Computer Literacy • Foundations of Information Systems Infrastructure

2. Learning Objectives LO 1 Discuss foundational information systems (IS) hardware concepts. LO 2Describe foundational topics related to system software, programming languages, and application development environments. LO 3 Describe foundational networking and Internet concepts.

3. Foundational Topics in IS Hardware • Input Technologies • Processing: Transforming Inputs into Outputs • Output Technologies • Programming Languages and Development Environments • Learning Objective 1: Discuss foundational information systems (IS) hardware concepts.

4. Input Technologies

5. Types of Input Technologies • Well-known input technologies • Pointing devices • Mice • Track pads • Touchscreens • Keyboards • Bar code and RFID scanners • Fingerprint readers • Eye-tracking devices for the disabled

6. Entering Batch Data • Large amounts of routine data often reside in paper forms, such as insurance claim forms • To enable automated computer processing, it needs to be entered into computer systems • Bulk scanning and uploading of these forms is the standard process for entering them into computer systems • Entering a large quantity of data into a computer system and processing it all at one time is batch processing

7. Specialized Scanners for Inputting Data (Table 1)

8. Audio and Video Input Devices • Audio Input • Microphones for voice input • Other forms • Electronic keyboards • Digital media player • Video Input • Webcams • Digital cameras and camcorders

9. Transforming Inputs into Outputs

10. The Motherboard The motherboard holds or connects together a computer’s electronic circuits.

11. Storage • Primary storage • The internal storage a computer uses to hold software and data while operating and processing • Cache: a small block (and faster) of memory used by processors to store recent and frequently used instructions and data • Secondary storage • Permanent storage, such as a hard drive, used to store both software and data when the computer is in use and between uses • Removable storage media • Storage that can be removed from the computer, either for safekeeping or to hold and transport data to other computers

12. Ports • Computers can connect to networks and other external devices through ports; over the years, many different port types have emerged to meet changing user needs • Common ports include • USB for printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard, digital camera, and external hard drives • Ethernet network ports • Older data ports such as serial, mouse, keyboard, MIDI, and modem ports (now often replaced by USB ports) • Newer high-speed data ports such as USB, Firewire, Thunderbolt, and HDMI

13. Power Supply Computers typically need 3.3 to 12 volts of power to function correctly, so they have a built-in power supply to provide this The power supply in computers has an efficiency rating. High efficiency supplies cost more but waste less power as heat when converting supplies Power supplies are often plugged into surge protectors to protect computers from external power spikes

14. Output Technologies • Monitors • Originally used cathode ray tubes (CRT) • Bulky and heavy glass tubes, power intensive • Newer technologies are thinner, lighter, and use much less power to operate • Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) lit by fluorescent tubes or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) • Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) • Touchscreens—the screen is also an input device • Printers • Produce paper output • Ink-jet, LED, and laser technologies

15. Foundational Topics in IS Software • Learning Objective 2: Describe foundational topics related to system software, programming languages, and application development environments. • System Software • Programming Languages and Development Environments

16. System Software • System software tasks • Booting (or starting) your computer • Reading programsinto memory and managing memory allocation • Managing where programs and files are located in secondary storage • Maintaining the structure of directories and subdirectories • Formatting disks • Controlling the computer monitor • Sending documents to the printer

17. Common Operating Systems (Table 4)

18. Common Types of Computer Software Utilities (Table 5)

19. Compilers and Interpreters • Compilers and Interpreters translate source code to machine code so the computer can understand it

20. Programming Languages (Table 6)

21. Types of Programming Languages • Object-Oriented Languages • Involve classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and event-driven program execution • Visual Programming Languages • Programming for graphical user interface (GUI) • Web Development Languages • For building Web-based applications • Example: HTML

22. Common HTML Tags (Table 7)

23. Foundational Topics in Networking • Evolution of Computer Networking • Types of Networks • Packet Switching • Network Standards and Protocols • Network Technologies • The Internet • Learning Objective 3: Describe foundational networking and Internet concepts.

24. Centralized Computing Computing started with mainframe computers that were accessed through terminals. Terminals were called “dumb” because they contained no processing capabilities of their own.

25. Distributed Computing With the advent of midrange and personal computers, individuals began to perform some processing tasks on their own computers instead of on the mainframe computers. A network was necessary to transfer data between the different computers that were performing different processing tasks on the data.

26. Collaborative Computing • In collaborative computing, processing is distributed to multiple computers, but instead of each computer performing some distinct and standalone processing task, multiple computers can work together to perform a processing task collaboratively.

27. Types of Networks: PBX A Private Branch Exchange, or PBX, is a network to connect phone lines together and link them to external extensions This minimizes the number of external extensions a company had to purchase PBXs use ordinary phone lines designed for voice traffic with very limited data throughput capabilities

28. Types of Networks: LAN A local area network (LAN) spans a relatively short distance such as within a single building, connecting the computers within its area together There are physical limitations on how long a LAN segment can be, typically 100 meters using copper wire, but multiple segments can be connected together with switches.

29. Types of Networks: Wide Area Networks (WAN) • Campus Area Networks • Metropolitan Area Networks • Enterprise WANs • Value-Added Network • Global Network (Internet)

30. Type of Networks: Personal Area Network (PAN) • Personal area networks (PAN) connect items in very close proximity, less than 30 feet, together. PANs use Bluetooth, for example, to connect wireless headphones to an MP3 player or connect a car’s hands-free microphone and speaker system to a driver’s cell phone.

31. Packet Switching • Most data networks use packet switching • Messages are broken up into packets, which are sent individually to the destination • The receiving computer assembles the packets back into the message • This allows packets from different messages to be intermingled on the network

32. Network Standards and Protocols Standards are critical to the success of the Internet; everyone plays by the same rules • Open Systems Interconnection Model • Divides computer-to-computer communications into seven connected layers • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) • The Internet’s standard communication language, dictates how messages are broken into packets and later reassembled • Ethernet • LAN protocol developed by Xerox in 1976, allows multiple types of data (including IP datagrams) to flow over the LAN

33. Network Topologies LANs and networks have been implemented with multiple topologies, including: Star Ring Bus Mesh

34. Network Technologies: Hardware (Table 8)

35. Network Technologies: Cable Media • Twisted Pair • Coaxial • Fiber Optic

36. Network Technologies: Wireless Media • Infrared Line of Sight • High-Frequency Radio • Microwave Transmission • Terrestrial: requires line-of-site • Satellite: costly, but can reach remote sites

37. Network Technologies: Satellite Orbits (Table 9)

38. The Internet: How Did It Get Started? • U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1960s • Studied ways to interconnect networks • Created the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) linking universities and research centers • U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) 1986 • Development of the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) • Tied into ARPANET • Other networks then connected to the growing Internet

39. Methods for Connecting to the Internet (Table 10)

40. The Internet: The Internet Backbone This is a picture showing the Internet backbone for the United States. It is a partial mesh, giving it redundancy and fault tolerance