Aim: What are local and popular cultures

1. Aim: What are local and popular cultures? Do Now: DIRT Quiz � Use your guided reading Section 4-2 notes to answer the following questions.

2. DIRT QUIZ Describe the difference between folk culture and pop culture. How do local/folk cultures redefine themselves and affect places? What is material culture? What is nonmaterial culture?

3. What is Culture? Group of belief systems, norms and values practiced by a people. People call themselves a culture Other people label a certain group a culture Folk/Local Culture Popular Culture

4. Folk Culture v. Popular Culture FOLK Small Incorporates a homogenous population Typically rural Cohesive in cultural traits POPULAR Large Incorporates heterogeneous populations Typically urban Quickly changing cultural traits

5. What is a local culture? A group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community who: Share experiences Customs Traits Work to preserve those traits and customs to remain unique They wish to distinguish themselves from others

6. Local Culture People in local cultures decide what to accept or reject based on what works for them. How do local cultures redefine themselves and affect places? They redefine themselves based on interactions with other cultures � both local and popular Local cultures affect places by: Establishing neighborhoods Building churches Expressing their material & nonmaterial cultures

7. Material Culture v. Nonmaterial Culture Material culture: includes the things individuals construct Art, houses, clothing, sports, dance & foods Nonmaterial culture � includes beliefs, practices, aesthetics (what they see as attractive), and values of a group of people What members of a local culture produce in their material culture reflects the beliefs and values of their nonmaterial culture.

8. Popular Culture Unlike, local culture, popular culture can change in a matter of days or hours Like local culture, popular culture involves Dance, music, clothing, food preference, religious practices and aesthetic values Popular culture diffuses by way of transportation, marketing and other communication networks and connect us to other parts of the world.

9. How does popular culture spread? Mostly through hierarchical diffusion When a concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another in a leveled pattern Fashion example In popular culture fashion trends spread quickly through interconnected world Milan, Paris, New York � hearth (first diffusion) Major fashion houses in world cities Suburban malls receive innovation

10. STOP & THINK� How do local and popular culture overlap? Some local traditions can make their way into the mainstream culture � media will obviously play a role in this Henna Mystical Kabbalah beliefs

11. Essential Questions How are local cultures sustained despite prominence of popular culture? How is popular culture diffused? How is it practiced uniquely in certain localities of the world? How are local and popular cultures imprinted on the cultural landscape?

12. Aim: How are local cultures sustained? Do Now: In groups decide: After reading the article, what did you find most interesting? Why are the Amish and the Mennonites considered to be a local culture?

13. Sustaining a local culture� Local culture is sustained through customs Custom � practice that a group of people routinely follows. People must retain their customs in order to sustain it. Individuals do this by creating boundaries around their culture They are purposely defining themselves as unique Intentionally trying to keep other cultures out

14. Rural Local Cultures Members of local cultures in rural areas usually have an easier time maintaining their cultures because they are more isolated. They can keep external influences on the outside. Hutterites, Amish and the Mennonites, Anabaptist groups are great of examples Live in rural areas of South Dakota, Pennsylvania and Virginia.

15. Who are the Amish? Trace origin back to the Protestant Reformation in Europe Rejected the concept of infant baptism � became Anabaptists (only adults who had confessed their faith should be baptized). Decided to remain separate from the larger society (�ban or shunning�) � based on idea that a they should not associate with individuals who do not repent of sinful conduct. More extreme than Mennonites

16. Who are the Amish? To avoid persecution many originally fled to Switzerland, Southern Germany and later William Penn�s Pennsylvania � where religious freedom was offered. Amish today, can be found in 23 states and in one Canadian province. Lancaster County, PA is one of the largest of those settlements.

17. U.S. Amish Settlements

18. Why do the Amish dress and look the way they do? Dress modestly Girls & women � plain dresses made from solid-colored fabric with long sleeves and a full skirt Never cut their hair � bun Cape/Apron White prayer covering on heads (white if married, black if single) Boys � Dark colored suits, black socks, shoes, black or straw broad brimmed hats Grow beards after they marry Encourage humility and separation from the world

19. What do the Amish do for a living? Amish are farmers who raise crops using horse drawn equipment with metal wheels Corn, hay, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, barley, potatoes etc. Grow grasses for grazing Corn, grain and hay crops stay on farm for feeding livestock Tobacco, potatoes, some grain and hay plus vegetables are raised for marketing

20. Barn Raising A long-standing Amish tradition (community building) � when family settles in new area An experienced Amish carpenter/contractor in charge Men assigned to various areas of work. Framing completed before noon meal In afternoon roof installed Women cook noon meal (prayer) Children nearby � playing/errand runners Barn built in a day

21. STOP & THINK� How do the Amish attempt to remove themselves from modern society? What technologies and services do they refuse?

22. Amish Traditions Different way of dressing No electricity � electrical wires would connect them to world Believe in self-sufficiency Self-employed Amish do not pay Social Security tax since they do not collect social security benefits, unemployment or welfare funds (No Medicare/Medicaid) Each family takes care of their own � Amish community gives assistance as needed. Musical instruments are forbidden � considered to be �worldly� Not permitted to own automobiles No photography Oppose conventional formal education Pacifism � would not resort to force and violence in a crisis situation

23. Witness - 1985 Samuel Lap is a young Amish boy who witnesses a murder in Philadelphia while traveling with his mother Rachel. A good cop named John Book must go with them into hiding when the killers come after them. All three retreat to Amish country and Book has to adjust to the new life- style. Of course the killers are still on their trail. Take note of the different elements that offset the Amish from mainstream, popular culture. How do the Amish sustain their culture?

24. Aim: How are local cultures sustained and how is popular culture diffused? Do Now: What challenges do people belonging to local cultures face as they try to sustain their cultures?

25. Historical Assimilation During 1800s into the 1900s � U.S. government had an official policy of assimilation Wanted to assimilate indigenous peoples (natives) into the dominant culture. Forced tribal members to farm rather than hunt/fish Punished for using native language Gov�t rewarded �American� Indians with citizenship and paid jobs

26. Reviving the Culture Most governments today have apologized for these assimilation policies of the past Currently, local cultures are working to push back assimilation and popular culture by reviving customs of their local cultures. Amish Makah American Indians Lindsborg, Kansas Hasidic Jews � Brooklyn, NY

27. Makah Indians

28. The Makah American Indians 1990s � Makah American Indians of Neah Bay, Washington reinstated the Whale Hunt to maintain their traditional culture and to return to the past � to understand ancestors. 1920s � Makah stopped hunting whales because they became endangered 1994 � Gray Whale was removed from endangered list.

29. The Makah American Indians Numerous protests � Green Peace and local environmentalists Federal Court � George W. Bush Administration supported Makah cause to reinstate whale hunt. Although the Makah wanted to use traditional canoes and harpoons � forced to use rifles (considered more humane) In 2002 � court ruled that whale hunting violated Marine Mammal Protection Act � making it illegal for tribe.

30. Little Sweden, USA Some local cultures have defined small towns as places to maintain their culture.

31. Little Sweden, USA Swedish gift shops, restaurants, and ethnic festivals � attract visitors interested in Swedish American heritage Some may argue that its purely to make a profit However, others say it promotes a sense of shared history Neolocalism � seeking out regional culture and reinvigorating it in response to the modern world.

32. Urban Local Cultures Some local cultures � specifically Hasidic Jews � have had success in practicing their customs within a major city Created ethnic neighborhoods � Ex: Brooklyn, NY Enables members to set themselves apart Schools, houses of worship, food stores, clothing stores all support aesthetics and desires of members of the local culture During NYC Marathon � Hasidic Jews lined streets (men & boys on one side, girls and women on another � wearing clothes modeled after 18th century Russian & Polish styles)

34. What are the challenges? Hard to sustain ethnic neighborhoods in cities since there is such diversity Migration of members of the popular culture or another local culture or ethnic group into their neighborhood Challenged by young artists and professionals Cultural landscape begins to reflect neighborhood�s new residents

35. Cultural Appropriation Process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit. Commodification � process through which something that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought or sold becomes an object that can be bought, sold and traded in a world market. Using local culture to make money

36. Examples of Commodification Material culture (jewelry, clothing, food, games) can be commodified: By themselves Non-members Non-material culture (religion, language, and beliefs) can also be commodified. Local cultures may be commodified as a whole Tourist buses �observing� the Amish culture of Lancaster, PA

37. Commodification of Culture

38. Authenticity of Place With commodification comes question of -authenticity One image or experience is typecast as the �authentic� image or experience of that culture and it is that image that the tourist or buyer desires. Important to experience the complexity of a place directly rather than the stereotype of the place. Theme parks & entertainment venues choose a stereotype and perpetuate it Guinness Brewing Company of Dublin, Ireland �creating pubs globally � to make money � freezes customs in place and time but local cultures are all dynamic and have been touched by external influence.

39. Aim: How is popular culture diffused? Do Now: What is meant by the term �authenticity� in reference to commodification?

40. The Diffusion of Popular Culture Local cultures are constantly renegotiating their place and making sense of who they are in an effort to sustain their cultures Meanwhile popular culture continues to spread at a rapid rate due to transportation and communication technologies. As a result, popular culture and local culture will impact each other.

41. STOP & JOT� Popular culture diffuses hierarchically in the context of time-space compression, with diffusion happening most rapidly across the most compressed spaces. What does this statement mean?

42. Time-Space Compression

43. Internet Connections

44. Establishing a Hearth All aspects of pop culture (music, sports, tv, dance etc) have a hearth Hearth begins with contagious diffusion � developers of trait realize they have a following (people who are susceptible to idea) Then trait diffuses selectively � hierarchically until it hits the mainstream

45. Hierarchical Diffusion of Trends

46. Manufacturing a Hearth The question of whether a cultural aspect makes it to the mainstream and becomes pop culture depends on the way it�s manufactured by corporate. MTV in the production of popular culture Merchants of Cool � looks at roles corporations and marketing agencies play in creating popular culture Conduct focus groups with teens � �the cool kids� � to establish what�s �cool� MTV then creates what is cool and new in popular culture.

47. Merchants of Cool Documentary As you view the documentary: Examine the roles corporations and marketing agents play in creating popular culture.

48. Aim: How is popular culture diffused and how can culture (both popular & local) be seen in the cultural landscape? Do Now: Finish viewing Merchants of Cool What role do corporations and marketing agents play in creating popular culture? Support your answer.

49. Merchants of Cool Documentary Markets & corporations make products kids can spend money on since teens run today�s economy Since �cool� keeps changing markets need to study kids in order to understand what they want Markets can influence what becomes �cool� or popular by �cool hunting� � looking for trend-setters & early adopters If companies can get wind of a subculture while it�s still underground they can bring it to the market first and profit Mass consumer will pick up on it and then companies begin all over again searching for the next �cool� thing. To be successful companies need to sell a lifestyle � they need to be in tune with youth culture. Sprite - Hip Hop Connection MTV �Total Request Live

50. Popular Trends Change� Baseball, football, basketball � classic sports Alternative sports became cool Surfing Snowboarding Video games propelled extreme sports into popular culture Skateboarding Advertisers join bandwagon � extreme sports become more popular, mainstream and commodified Then they turn their attention to the next �new� extreme sport

51. Reterritorialization With this kind of marketing of popular culture many find it unbelievable that local culture hasn�t been eliminated. Rather than acting like a blanket, evenly covering the globe, pop culture will take on new forms when it encounters a new locality and the people and local culture in that place. Reterritorialization � process in which people start to produce an aspect of pop culture themselves Doing so in the context of their local culture and place, making it their own.

52. Reterritorialization of Hip Hop Hip Hop and rap grew out of the inner cities of NY and LA during the 1980s & 1990s The Hip Hop from these hearths diffused abroad � major cities in Europe Mixed with existing local cultures, experiences and places, reterritorializing the music to each locale Hip Hop has essentially addressed major concerns of local cultures in their lyrics Hip Hop artists outside of the U.S. typically write and perform in their own language or dialect

53. Are We Losing the Local? Geographers realize that local cultures will interpret, choose, and reshape the influx of popular culture What people choose to adopt from popular culture, how they reterritorialize it, and what they reject help shape the character and culture of people, places and landscapes.

54. Cultural Landscapes � Local & Popular Therefore, local cultures and popular cultures alike can be seen in the cultural landscape � the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape. Reflect values, norms and aesthetics of culture Cultural Landscape beginning to illustrate placelessness � loss of uniqueness of place in cultural landscape Big box stores, gas stations, restaurants (TGIF Fridays, Applebees, Wal-Mart, Target, McDonalds

55. �Placelessness�

56. Converging Cultural Landscapes Various architectural forms and planning ideas have diffused around the world Skyscraper � symbol of global economy Individual businesses and products have become so widespread they now leave a distinctive landscape stamp on areas all over the world Wholesale borrowing of idealized landscape images promotes a blurring of place distinctiveness. Regardless of whether the landscape feature �fits�

58. Global-Local Continuum Cultural borrowing and mixing is happening all over the world Global-local continuum � emphasizes that what happens at one scale is not independent of what happens at other scales People in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes in a process called glocalization

59. Glocalization

62. Cultural Imperialism Diffusion of a popular culture can create cultural conflict when a part of a culture group may protest the arrival of a type of popular culture in its region. Many Middle Eastern cultures resent the influx of Western popular culture into their cultures Why do you think this is?

63. Local v. Popular One of the concerns about the increasing dominance of popular culture is that it is threatening regional and cultural diversity Diffusion of popular culture makes everyone look, sound, act and believe more of the same rather than the unique, local ways (cultural homogeneity) Preserves traditions as tourism gimmicks (commodification) Many popular culture traits lead to increased consumption of the earth�s limited natural resources and increase waste production.

64. FOLK ARCHITECTURE

65. FOLK ARCHITECTURE

66. U.S. House Types by Region

68. Mid Atlantic L-Shaped House

69. �Southern Tidewater�

70. California Ranch House

71. Summing Up By studying local cultural landscapes you can gain insight into the social structures of local cultures In everything from houses to schools to churches to cemeteries, a local cultural landscape reveals its foundation Regardless, popular culture envelopes and infiltrates local cultures, presenting constant challenges to members of local cultures Some have accepted popular culture, others have rejected it, and still others have forged a balance between the two.

72. Aim: What is identity and how are identities constructed? Do Now: How would you describe your identity? How would you express who you are to a stranger?

73. What is Identity?

74. Identity Defined� Identity � how we make sense of ourselves. We construct our own identities through: Experiences Emotions Connections Rejections Identity is a snapshot of who we are at one moment. Identities are constantly changing place and space are integral to our identities because our experiences in places and perceptions of places help us make sense of who we are.

75. Identifying Against� To construct identity not only do we define ourselves, but we define others and others define us. One of the ways to do this is by �identifying against� We first define the �other� and then we define ourselves as �not the other� Europeans defined Africans and Americans as �savage� Europeans defined themselves as �not savages� and therefore as �civilized.� Race � became a constructed identity to �justify� oppression and power relationships

76. The Matter of Race Over time race has been constructed to be a part of our identity. Countless times during our lives, we fill out census forms, product warranty information, surveys, medical forms and application forms that ask us to �check� the box next to our �race� Where did society get the idea that humans fall into different categories of race? Biologically we are all a part of the same race, the human race. Read and annotate �The Matter of Race� and answer the corresponding questions

77. What is Race? Societies in different parts of the world have drawn distinctions among peoples based on their physical characteristics. Occupation of different environments was accompanied by the development of physical variations in Skin pigmentation Hair Eye color Hair texture Facial characteristics Blood composition Some subtle skeletal differences exist Reason for segregation into racial groups

78. Natural Selection & Adaptation Why is it that people with distinct combinations of physical traits appear to be clustered in particular areas of the world? Evolutionary natural selection or adaptation Characteristics are transmitted that enable people to adapt to particular environmental conditions like climate. Solar radiation and skin color Temperature and body size

79. Race v. Ethnicity Race does not have any connection to human characteristics that are culturally acquired. Race is not equivalent to ethnicity or nationality No bearing on differences in religion or language Individuals adopt culture � it�s a way of life Still, race and ethnicity both remain as defining and divisive realities in American society Society is �racialized� � What does this mean? Racial categories are the product of how particular cultures have viewed skin color � forged historically

80. Aim: How do places affect identity and how can we see identities in places? Do Now: Read and annotate the article focusing on ethnicity in Washington Heights. Answer the corresponding questions.

81. Sense of Place The processes of constructing identities and identifying against are rooted in places. We infuse place with meaning by attaching memories and experiences to a place Our sense of place becomes part of our identity and our identity affects the way we define and experience place. Ethnicity is directly linked with place � How?

82. Ethnicity and Place The word ethnic comes from the ancient Greek word ethnos meaning �people� or �nation.� �Where people share not only a culture but an ethnos, their belongingness or binding into group and place, their sense of cultural identity, are very strongly defined.� Race � only skin deep � place explains physical variations. People of the same race are not necessarily of the same ethnicity.

83. Ethnicity and Place Ethnicity, on the other hand, is often reserved for a small, cohesive, culturally linked group of people who stand apart from the surrounding culture. Just as ethnic groups are affected by place and their experiences there � they also have a dramatic impact on the environment in which they live.

84. Ethnicity and Place How have the Dominicans shaped the landscape of Washington Heights? Displays of national pride Calypso & salsa music Cultural foods Store signs in Spanish Travel agencies advertising daily flights to Santo Domingo (homelands) Pharmacies selling traditional medicines, and other cultural/religious items

86. Invasion and Succession What is invasion and succession? New immigrants to a city (who are of one cultural group) often move to areas occupied by older immigrant groups (different cultural groups) Dominicans replaced previous Jewish, African American and Cuban residents Puerto Ricans moved into immigrant Jewish neighborhood of East Harlem � assumed a dominant presence � Spanish Harlem

87. Chinatown in Mexicali The border region between the U.S. and Mexico is generally seen as a cultural meeting point between Mexicans and Anglo Americans In reality � the town of Mexicali� is one of the largest Chinatowns in Mexico The Chinese owned and operated restaurants, retail trade establishments, commercial land developments, currency exchanges etc. To sustain cultural traditions created � China Association Today, even though many Chinese have left the region, this ethnic population has had a lasting effect on the cultural landscape there.

89. Implications? What impact do you think invasion and succession has on the people and places? The process of succession continues all over the world Oftentimes, local cultures feel threatened and this may cause contention (conflict) between and among the local cultures that have remained. But it also promotes diversity in those instances where the varying ethnic groups stay. Illustrates strength of local cultures in sustaining ethnicity