Lab 5

1. Lab 5 The Appendicular Skeleton, Fetal Skeleton & the Joints James F. Thompson, Ph.D.

2. Lab 5 Activities the appendicular skeleton - identify bones and bone markings listed in lab guide the fetal skeleton joint models joint classifications (structural and functional) types of joints movements allowed at a joint

3. The Appendicular Skeleton (tan)

4. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb *

5. Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves The size of the angle at greater sciatic notch is the key.

6. Superior/Frontal Comparison of Pelves

7. Lateral Comparison of Pelves • Illustrated here are just three of the many differences exhibited between the male and female pelvis. Females generally have wide, broad greater sciatic notches (a). Adult females have moderate to deep preauricular sulci while males have little or no indentations in this area (b). The auricular surfaces in males are generally flat while females exhibit moderate to pronounced elevation (c).

8. Bones of the Right Foot Compared to the Ape’s Foot, the Human Foot is Entirely Changed and Adapted to Bipedal Locomotion; There is No Opposability of the Big Toe.

9. Arches of the Foot The Double Arch Design is an Adaptation to Bipedal Locomotion.

10. The Fetal Skeleton

11. The Fetal Skeleton

12. Body Part Growth Rates Trunk and limbs develop later than cranium and face.

13. The Fetal Skull Intramembranous ossification with sutures fusing late so the skull bones can expand to accommodate significant brain growth.

14. Fontanels

15. Joints The Articulations Between Bones

16. Classification of Joints • Table 8.1 - Summary of Joint Classes • Structural • Fibrous - bones joined by fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity • Cartilaginous - bones joined by cartilage; no joint cavity • Synovial - bones separated by fluid filled cavity • Functional • Synarthroses - non-movable • Amphiarthroses - slightly movable • Diarthroses - freely movable

17. Fibrous Joints • Suture - wavy border with dense fibrous connective tissue which penetrates into both bone • Syndesmosis - connected by a ligament • Gomphosis - peg in a socket (teeth)

18. Cartilaginous Joints • Synchondroses • hyaline cartilage • epiphyseal plate • most limb bones • most ribs to sternum • Symphyses • fibrocartilage • pelvis, vertebrae

19. Synovial Joints • General Structure • articular cartilage • synovial (joint) cavity • articular capsule • synovial fluid • reinforcing ligaments • meniscus – a fibrocartilage pad, e.g., at the tempero-mandibular joint (TMJ) and at the tibio-femoral (knee) joint

20. Synovial Joints • Gliding (plane) joint • flat planes gliding over each other • intercarpal and intertarsal joints

21. Synovial Joints • Hinge • cylindrical projection fits into a notch • ulna and humerus • tibia and femur • interphalangeal joints

22. Synovial Joints • Pivot • rounded end of one bone protrudes into sleeve or ring of bone or ligaments • atlas (C1) and dens of the axis (C2) • proximal radio-ulnar joint

23. Synovial Joints • Condyloid • rounded (convex) articulating surface of one bone fits into concave depression on the other bone • radio-carpal joints • metacarpal-phalangeal joints

24. Synovial Joints • Saddle • each articular surface has both convex and concave areas • carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb

25. Synovial Joints • Ball and Socket • spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with cuplike socket • provides greatest rotational flexibility • shoulder • hip • special cases of a condyloid joint which is capable of circumduction

26. Know the Terminology for Types of Motions in Your Lab Guide Gliding Rotation Flexion/Extension Abduction/Adduction Circumduction Special Movements

27. Total Knee Replacement; ~$16,000

28. End Lab 5