T r a ns a ctio n P rocessin g, F unction a l A p p lic a tion s & Inte g r a tio n

1. TransactionProcessing, FunctionalApplications& Integration

2. FunctionalAreasinaBusiness

3. KebutuhanFunctionalInformation System FunctionalISyg utama:produksi/operasional,marketing, human resource, accounting,danfinancial. Contoh: customer membelibarangsecara kredit, ketika order itusampaidimarketing/sales, kredittersebut harus diapproveolehfinance. Bagianproduksi mengecekbarangitu diwarehouse,    jikaada,maka bagianpackingakanmelakukan shipping. Bagianaccountingmempersiapkannota, bagian financemempersiapkanasuransi. JikaITtidaksinkrondancepat => customer service menjadi jelek Dibutuhkanintegratedapproach  

4. FunctionalInformationSystem Characteristics Composedofsmaller systems TerdiridaribeberapaISyangmendukungaktivitastertentu (misal:bagianPenjualandanAkuntansi) Bersifatintegratedatauindependent Interfacing FISmungkinakanberinteraksidengansistemdaripihak luarorganisasi Cth:HRdapatmengumpulkandatatentangpasartenaga kerja Supportiveofdifferentlevel Operational:kegiatantransaksional, Managerial:keputusanjangkapendek, Strategic:keputusanjangkapanjang

5. Transaction Processing InformationSystems TPSmonitors,collects,stores,processes,& disseminatesinformationforall routinecore business transactions. CharacteristicsofTransactionProcessing Systems: RapidProcessing Processestransactions virtually instantly Reliability Ensurestransactionsneverslip past thenet, & systemsthemselvesare operationalpermanently Standardization Acquiresstandarddata for each transaction ControlledAccess Accessisrestrictedtoonlythose employees whorequire their use

6. TransactionProcessingInformation System Transaksipastiterjadipadasetiaporganisasi: Untukmemproduksimainan,makaperluordermaterialdan spareparts,membayartenagakerjadanlistrik,membuatorder pengirimanbarang,dannotauntukkonsumen. Bankjugamencatatakunkita,dll Setiaptransaksipastimenghasilkantransaksilainnya (tambahan)   pembelianakanmempengaruhibagianinventory(gudang), membayargajiakanmengurangikas(akuntansi) Transaksiperludikomputerisasi Untukmeminimalisasikesalahan TujuanTP ISadalahmenyediakansemuadatayg dibutuhkanoleh bisnisprosesperusahaan Handlehighvolume transaction,avoid errors,avoid downtime, neverlose results,maintainprivacydansecurity  

7. CharacteristicsTPS Largevolumeofdata are processed Sourcedata is mostlyinternal TPS processesinformationinregular: etc   daily, weekly, biweekly,  TPS monitors&collectscurrent or pastdata Input&outputdataare structured   A highlevel ofdetail Low computationcomplexity Accuracy,dataintegrity,andsecurityare needed Highreliability Inquiryprocessingfromdatabase(in realtime)     

8. TPSactivitesandmethods TPSactivitiesoccursintwo ways: Batchprocessing:transaksidisimpan diprosesdi akhir periode dan Onlineprocessing:transaksidisimpandan diprosessecarareal time(as soonas transaction occurs)

9. TPS–OnlineTransactionProcessingSystems WithOLTPand Web technologiessuchas an extranet,suppliers canlook atthefirm’s inventory levelor productionschedule in real time.  Thesuppliersthemselves,in partnershipwith theircustomers, canthen assumeresponsibilityforinventory management and ordering.  InteractiveInternetTPS expandsOLTPto provideenhancedreal timetransactionprocessingover the Internetor intranets. 

10. TypicalOLTPEnvironments Airline/RailwayReservationSystems BankingSystems(ATM,EFT, ...) Tradingand BrokerageSystems Hotel/ HospitalSystems Reservationsystems:set aside service/product future use for Point-of-sale(POS) terminals:sellsgoods/services Libraryloan systems:keeps track ofitems borrowed fromlibrary

11. ACIDPropertyofTransactions Atomicity: Either allupdates are performedor none Consistency:Ifthe databasestateat thestart ofa transactionis consistent,itwill be consistentatthe endofthe transaction Isolation:When multipletransactionsare executed concurrently,thenet effectis as though each transactionhas executedin isolation Durability:Aftera transactioncompletes(commits), its changesare persistent

12. Transaction States Partially Committed Committed Active Failed Aborted

13. Transaction A  transaction can haveone of two outcomes: If it completessuccessfully,thetransaction saidtohave committedandthedatabase reachesanewconsistentstate. is If it does notexecute successfully,the transactionis aborted. Thisis knownas roll-back. 

14. TPSactivites PostingGeneralLedger(Buku Besar) Accountspayabledanreceivable Receivingandshipping Inventory Fixedassetsmanagement Payroll Reporttogovernment Personalfiles andskillsinventory

15. Batch eachtransactionpartofagroup databaseisnotaccessibleallofthetime moreerrors dataisorganisedandstoredbeforemasterfile isupdated–errorscanoccurduringthesesteps easiertomaintainthanreal-time

16. Real-time/Online each transaction isunique requires master file tobe availablemore oftenfor updating fewer errors – transaction data isvalidatedandentered immediately    infrequenterrors may occur– but oftentolerated notpracticaltoshutdownwholesystem (infrequent errors) morecomputeroperatorsare requiredin real-time processing– operationsnotcentralised   

17. Examplesofbatchtransactionprocessing Chequeclearance:written order askingbank to pay money toa person Billgeneration:an invoicefor goods/services suppliedto a customer. Creditcard impression salestransaction:takes of customer’s card

18. 3 disadvantagesinbatchprocessing Processingschedulepredetermined Errors unabletobe corrected during processing Sortingtransaction data –expensive   and  time consuming

19. Backup&recovery Backup:anothercopy of data Recoveryprocessesincludebackup, checkpointandrecovery manager Recovery Backwardrecovery: undounwantedchanges Forwardrecovery: redo changes

20. Recovery Loggingfacilities,whichkeeptrackof the currentstateof transactions and database updates. Acheckpoint facility,whichenablesupdates to thedatabasewhichare in progresstobe madepermanent. Arecoverymanager,whichallowsthe system torestore thedatabasetoa consistentstatefollowinga failure.

21. Recovery T2danT3-permanently recored T1danT6– undone(abort) T4danT5– redone(recover)

22. ManagingProduction/Operations&Logistics TPS–ManagingProduction/Operations& Logistics Afew oftheITsupportedPOMareasare: In-houselogisticsandmaterialsmanagement Planningproduction/operations Computer-integratedmanufacturing(CIM)     Productlifecyclemanagement(PLM) MarketingandHumanResourceManagement  

23. ManagingProduction/Operations&Logistics TPS–ManagingProduction/Operations&Logistics

24. In-HouseLogistics&MaterialsManagement Dealswith ordering,purchasing,inbound logistics(receiving),&outboundlogistics (shipping)activities. Purchasingresults inincomingmaterials& parts. Parts inspectedforquality thenstored. Activitiessupportedbyinformationsystems.

25. ManagingProduction/Operations&Logistics TPS–PlanningProduction/Operations POMplanningisamajorcomponentofoperationalsystems Material RequirementsPlanning (MRP):softwareyangmemanajemeni rencana pembelianbahanbaku.TerintegrasidenganMaster Production Schedules, BOM’s, dan Inventorylevels. ManufacturingResourcePlanning (MRPII) menambahfungsionalitaspada MRPdgnmencaritahuhargabahanbakudancash flow,juga mengira-iraupah buruh, hargatools, hargaperbaikan, danlaporan2kebutuhan.   Just-in-Time Systemssuatupendekatanyangmeminimalisasihal ygtdkberguna (space,labor, materials,energy,dll.)danmeningkatkanprocessesdansystems. Digunakanpadamass customization danbuild-to-orderenvironments. Project Management.Terdiridari bnykkegiatan, dalam tempoygcukuplama. Softwaretoolssuchas:programevaluationand reviewtechnique(PERT)and thecritical pathmethod(CPM)are usedtomanage milestones,resources,costs,etc. WorkManagementSystems(WMS)memanajemenidistribusibarangdan pekerjaan . Berhubungandenganresource allocation danreallocation.    

26. ManagingProduction/Operations&Logistics TPS–ProductLifecycleManagement

27. MarketingandSalesSystems TPS–CustomerRelations Itisessentialforcompaniestoknowwhotheircustomersareandtotreatthemproperly.Innovativeproductsandservices,successfulpromotions,customization,andcustomerserviceareanecessityformostorganization. CustomerProfilesand PreferenceAnalysis.Sophisticatedinformationsystemsare beingdevelopedtocollectdataonexistingandpotentialcustomers, their demographics(age,gender,income level),andpreferences. ProspectiveCustomerListsandMarketingDatabases.Allfirms needtoknow and   track whotheirexistingandpotentialcustomers are.Theseprospective-customer lists can beanalyzedandsortedbyclassificationfordirectmailing,e-mailing,or telemarketing. Mass Customization.Today’scustomers prefercustomized products.Through mass customization,thepracticeof maintaining inventory,manufacturerscanofferdifferent product configurationsat reasonableprices. Personalization.Specialproductoffersaremade, basedonwherethecustomer spenttheirtime andon whattheymayhavepurchased. AdvertisingandPromotions.Specialpromotionsorcouponsarepresentedtothe customervia mails,email,wireless andpervasive computingapplications.   

28. MarketingandSalesSystems TPS–Marketing Management Manymarketingmanagementdecisionapplicationsaresupportedby computerizedinformationsystems. Pricing ofProductsorServices.Sales volumesarelargelydeterminedbythe pricesof productsorservicesasis profit. SalespersonProductivity.Salespeople differfromeachother in sellingskill.Sales- force automationincreases salesperson productivity byproviding themwithmobile   devices,accesstoinformation, etc. ProfitabilityAnalysisprofit contributionof certainproductsandservicescanbe derivedfromcost-accountingsystems SalesAnalysisAndTrends.Marketing.TPScollectsalesfiguresthatcanbe searched fortrendsandrelationships. NewProducts,Services,andMarket Planning.Newproductsandservicescanbe an expensiverisk.“Willit sell?”Requirescareful analysis,planning, forecasting,and marketresearch. Web-BasedSystemssupport marketingandsales throughdatacapture    

29. TPS–AccountingandFinanceSystems Accountingandfinancefunctionalareasmanagetheinflowand outflowoforganizationalassets.Thisinvolvesallfunctions ofan etc. organizationincludingpayroll,billing, FinancialPlanningandBudgeting FinancialandEconomicForecasting Planningfor IncomingFunds cash management, Budgeting CapitalBudgeting ManagingFinancialTransactions FinancialandEconomicForecasting Planningfor IncomingFunds Budgeting CapitalBudgeting

30. MajorBenefitsofUsingBudgetingSoftware Reducestime& effortinthebudgetprocess. Possibletoeasilyexplore& analyzeimplications oforganizational& environmentalchanges. Canfacilitateintegrationofcorporatestrategic objectiveswithoperationalplans. Maymakeplanninganongoing,continuous process. Automaticallymonitorexceptionsforpatterns& trends.

31. TPS–HumanResourcesSystems(Continued) HumanResourcesPlanningandManagement PersonnelPlanning Labor–ManagementNegotiations Payrolland Employees’Records BenefitsAdministration EmployeeRelationshipManagement

32. HRM Activities HRM activities.

33. Recruitment Searchengineson the Webcanhelpwith attracting & repellingappropriatecandidates. Internet makesadvertisingmuch simpler process,althoughlargenumbersmayresult. Socialnetworkingsitessuch as Jobster & LinkedInhave gainedwidespreadpopularity.

34. HRMaintenance&Development Performanceevaluation– supervisor,peer, &/or subordinate. Wage reviewsare also relatedtoperformance evaluations. Training& HR development – planning classes&tailoringspecifictrainingprograms to meet needsof organization&employees. May includecareer developmentplanfor eachemployee.