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Vitamin C

Vitamin C. Basis for the oldest Nutrient deficiency disease. Scurvy – became prominent during colonialism – 16 th century Ships – high protein diets Symptoms – inflamed bleeding gums, hemorrhaging, impaired wound healing, joint pain, infections, weakness, fatigue, anemia, anorexia, diarrhea.

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Vitamin C

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  1. Vitamin C

  2. Basis for the oldest Nutrient deficiency disease • Scurvy – became prominent during colonialism – 16th century • Ships – high protein diets • Symptoms – inflamed bleeding gums, hemorrhaging, impaired wound healing, joint pain, infections, weakness, fatigue, anemia, anorexia, diarrhea

  3. Scurvy • James Lind – “A treatise of the Scurvy” – 1753 • Study of scurvy stricken sailors – 1740 • Regulated in 1795 – lemon juice • 100,000 sailors died during this period of debate • Limes and oranges added – “limeys” • Dominance of British navy • 2,000,000 deaths - Scurvy was responsible for more deaths at sea than storms, shipwreck, combat, and all other diseases combined. • Da Gama

  4. L-Ascorbic Acid • Anit–scorbic substance isolated in 1928 by Hungarian scientist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi • Sugar acid – similar to glucose • Named L-ascorbic acid

  5. Vitamin C • Essential nutrient for humans • Synthesized in most mammals • Only humans, primates, guinea pigs, and several bird and fish varieties don’t – Why? • Synthesized directly from glucose • L-gulano-lactone oxidase • Genetics • Amount needed??

  6. Ascorbate synthesis

  7. Daily Production of Ascorbate in Animals

  8. Daily production for 70 kg of body tissue

  9. Vitamin C Absorption • Very much debated • Recommended doses range from 60mg-18,000 mg (Pauling) • Saturation – excess unrinated • Tissue, blood http://www.pl.barc.usda.gov/downloads/jp27.pdf

  10. Whats the Big Deal? • Vitamin C is known to be involved in hundreds of metabolic reactions • Helps colds, anemia, fatigue, joint problems, high cholesterol, healing, atherosclerosis, diabetes, stress, and even cancer • Acts as a reducing co-factor

  11. Collagen • Most abundant fiber in connective tissue • Skin, bones, teeth, gums, tendons, joints, ligaments, organ membranes, muscle tissue • Extremely durable – superhelix – 3 strands of amino acids – proline, lysine, glycine • Pro-collagen precursor • Vitamin C

  12. Crosslinking • Vitamin C • Hydroxylases (Prolyl, Lysyl) – substitute OH for H on Proline and Lysine – hydrogen bonding • Lysyl Oxidase – aldol condensation reactions • Scurvy- weak collagen – blood vessels

  13. Aldol Condensation

  14. L-Carnitine • Partly ingested – need biosynthesis • Fatty acid catabolism transporter • Vital enzyme – Uses ferrous iron • Homeostasis of L-carnitine • Fatigue in scurvy victims

  15. L-Carnitine synthesis http://www.biochemj.org/bj/361/0417/bj3610417.htm

  16. L-carnitine homeostasis http://www.biochemj.org/bj/361/0417/bj3610417.htm

  17. Iron Absorption • Fe2+ is absorbed much more rapidly than Fe3+ iron • Anemic patients instructed to take Vitamin C • Another cause of fatigue

  18. Vitamin C: Anti-Oxidant • Free radicals • Reactive Oxygen Species • superoxides, peroxides, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen species • . “In the chemical drive to replace that missing electron, free radicals may initiate an entire cascade of chemical reactions, resulting in damage to membranes, DNA mutations, accelerated ageing, disruptions in cell vitality and function, and deposition of fat” (Goodman 1) • Oxidative damage

  19. Vitamin C stabilizes ROS • Vitamin C donates electron • Stabilizes ROS • Vitamin C oxidized to dehydroascorbate • Free radical intermediate

  20. Ascorbate Recycling

  21. Atherosclerosis • Peroxyl radicals oxidize LDL’s • Damaged LDL’s attacked by WBC’s • Cholesterol portion “stuck” • WBC’s build up • Walls loose elasticity – plaque buildup • Vitamin C scavenges peroxyl radicals

  22. Cancer • Still very controversial • Oxidative damage to Nucleus • Replicated cells – loose ability to control division • Testing done – Megadoses of Vitamin C • Adverse affects • No proven aid

  23. sources • Cameron, Ewan, and Linus Pauling. Cancer and Vitamin C. Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine, 1979. • “Carnitine Synthesis.” Reactome. 27 November 2005. <htt p://ww w.reactome.org/cgi-bin /eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&FOCUS_SPECIES=Homo%20sapiens&ID=712418>. • Cooper, Dr. Kenneth. Antioxidant Revolution. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1994. • “Enzymatic reactions ascorbate and glutathione that prevent peroxide damage in soybean root nodules.” David Dalton. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. <htt p://ww w.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/83/11/3811>. • “How Vitamin C Works.” Dr. Jerry Gordon. How Stuff Works. 26 October 2005. <htt p:// science.howstuffworks.com/vitamin-c.htm/printable.html>. • “L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis.” Smirnoff N. PubMed. <htt p://ww w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez /query.fcqi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1111532688&dopt=Abstract>. • “L-carnitine.” Alternative Medicine Review. March 2005. 18 October 2005 < http ://www .findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FDN/is_1_10/ai_n13557321/print.html >. • McDonald, Arline, Annette Natow, and Jo-Ann Heslin. Complete Book of Vitamins and Minerals. Illinios: Publications International, Ltd., 1994. • Scheibmeir, Heath D. “A Review of Free Radicals and Antioxidants for Critical Care Nurses.” Intensive Critical Care Nursing. 21.1 (2005). 18 October 2005 <http: //0-web3.infotrac. galegroup.com.innopac.hal.org>. • Somer, Elizabeth. Essential Guide to Vitamins and Minerals. New York: Harper Perrenial, 1995. • “The Role of Lysine in Collagen.” Penn State University. 27 November 2005. <htt p://ww w. • bmb.psu.edu/courses/bmb401_spring2004/lecture_notes/lecture?_2004.pdf>. • “Vitamin C.” PDRhealth. 26 October 2005. <htt p://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/ nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/vit_0264.shtml>. • “Vitamin C and Scurvy.” Ed. Robert Husky. Univerisity of Virginia. 26 October 2005. <ht tp://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/vitac.html>. • “Vitamin C and Collagen.” Linus Pauling. Vitamin C Foundation. 6 November 2005. <Htt p:/ • w ww.vitamincfoundation.org/>. • “Vitamin C, Anti-Oxidant.” Alpha Nutrition’s Molecular Medicine. 4 November 2005. <htt p:// www.nutramed.com/nutrients/vitaminc.htm>. • “Vitamin C in human health and disease is still a mystery? An Overview.” K Akhilender Naidu. Nutrition Journal. 2003. 6 November 2005. < http://www.nutritionj.com/content/2/1/7 >. • “Vitamin C Scavenges Poisonous Free Radicals.” Sandra Goodman. Positive Health. 6 November 2005. <htt p://www.positivehealth.com/permit/Articles/Nutrition/vitc5.htm>.

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