Chapter 6 Differences in Europe

1. Chapter 6 Differences in Europe Paragraph 1: Highs and lows in France

2. Altitude differences in France • In France you see big differences in altitude. This is called relief. • Types of relief: • lowland: lower than 200m • Hills: between 200-500 m • Low mountain ranges: between 500-1500m • High mountain ranges: higher than 1500m

3. Specific types of land • Basin: lowland surrounded by hills • Coastal plain: a region with very little relief lower than 500m • Plateau: a region with very little relief higher than 500 m • Glacier: an ice field in a high mountain range that moves slowly downhill. • Peninsula: a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides. • Indented coast: a coast with deep bays and inlets.

4. Chapter 6 Differences in Europe Paragraph 2: Landscape and climate in France and Europe

5. Köppens Classification System • Köppen identified 5 climate zones. And to describe each climate zone in more detail, he added extra letters for the amount of precipitation. • capital letters normal letters

6. KöppensClassification System • A-climate: Tropical climate a very hot climate, mostly around the equator minimum temperature in winter 18°C Tropical rainforest and Savannah

7. KöppensClassification System • B-climate: Dry climate a very dry (warm or cold!) climate Maximum annual precipitation 500mm  Desert and Steppe

8. KöppensClassification System • C-climate: sea or maritime climate a very moderate climate, highly influenced by the temperature of the sea. summer temperature above 15°C Winter temperatures above -3°C Deciduous forest belt

9. KöppensClassification System • D-climate: a moderate climate influenced by the temperature of the continent summer temperatures between 10°C and 15°C winter temperatures below -3°C  Taiga

10. Köppens Classification System • E-climate: Polar climate a very cold climate, mostly in high mountain range all year below 10°C Tundra • To this climate, capital letters can be added: F: snow in polar regions H: snow on high mountain ranges T: tundra

11. Climates in Europe • In Europe we mostly see the following climates: Cf: in countries along the Northsea coastline Cs: in countries along the Mediterranean coastline Df: in countries north of 55°NL and in countries east of 10°EL ET: in countries north of 66°NL EH: in the high montain ranges of the Alps and the Pyrenees

15. How to draw a climate diagram? Because the temperature is about the average of a month, draw a dot in the middle of the month. Then link them together with a (red) line. The precipitationis the total of rainfall in a month. Therefore, you draw a horizontal line on the whole widthof the month andmake a bar of it.

16. Latitude • How far away is a place from the equator? • Definition: the distance in degrees of a place from the equator • Places with a low latitude have a higher temperature than places with a high latitude

17. Latitude and temperature • When the sun shines vertically the heat is more intense, because it has to warm a small surface. • When the sun shines diagonally, the heat is less intense, because the heat is diverted over a bigger surface. diagonally high latitude vertically low latitude

18. Angle of the sun • The more diagonally the angle of the sun, the bigger the part that has to be warmed up.

19. Altitude • Places on a higher altitude are colder than places on a lower altitude. • Air is warmed up from the earth. • When you go 1000 metres up, the temperature goes 6˚C down.

20. Distribution of land and sea • Land warms up quickly and cools down quickly; water warms up slowly and cools down slowly.

21. Direction of the wind • Onshore winds: come from the sea and give a temperature moderation. • offshore winds: come from the land and give very high (summer) or very low (winter) temperatures.

22. Onshore winds: In summer sea is cooler than land cool winds • Offshore winds: In winter: land is cooler than sea  cool winds

23. Ocean currents • In the oceans there are warm and cold gulf streams, which make the temperature on land go up or go down.

24. Location of the mountains • A mountain range can stop (moisture) air and therefore cause a different climate on each side of the mountain range. • For example the Alps mountain range: on the west side the climate is cooler and moister. The south side on the other hand is warmer and drier.

25. Chapter 6 Differences in Europe Paragraph 3: People in France and Europe

26. Population size • A population size is constantly changing, influenced by two factors: • Natural changes: caused by births and deaths • Social changes: caused by immigration and emigration

27. Natural changes: natural population growth • Birthrate: the number of births in a year per 1,000 people • Deathrate: the number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people • Ifthere are more birthsthandeathsthere is a birth surplus • Ifthere are moredeathsthanbirthsthere is a death surplus

28. Social changes:social population growth • Immigration: peoplefromotherparts of the worldwhocometo live in foreigncountriespermanentely. • Emigration: peoplewholeavetheir country to live permanentely in another of the world. • Immigration surplus: when the number of peoplewhocometo live in a foreign country is greaterthan the number of poeplewholeavethat country. Otherwisethere is a emigration surplus.

30. The future of France