L on Duguit 1859 1928 was a leading French scholar of administrative law. After a stint at Caen from 1882 to 1886, he wa

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2. ?? Léon Duguit (1859–1928) was a leading French scholar of administrative law. After a stint at Caen from 1882 to 1886, he was appointed to a chair of constitutional law at the University of Bordeaux in 1892, where one of his collegues was Émile Durkheim.

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4. ?????? Social solidarity refers to the integration, and degree and type of integration, shown by a society or group with people and their neighbors.[1] It refers to the ties in a society - social relations - that bind people to one another. Solidarity is commonly associated with political socialism, being seen as the driving force and defining temperament behind the ideal classless work force. The term is generally employed in sociology and the other social sciences.

5. ???:????? According to Émile Durkheim, the types of social solidarity correlate with types of society. Durkheim introduced the terms "mechanical" and "organic solidarity" as part of his theory of the development of societies in The Division of Labour in Society (1893). In a society exhibiting mechanical solidarity, its cohesion and integration comes from the homogeneity of individuals—people feel connected through similar work, educational and religious training, and lifestyle. Mechanical solidarity normally operates in "traditional" and small scale societies.[4] In simpler societies (e.g., tribal), solidarity is usually based on kinship ties of familial networks.

6. ???:????? Organic solidarity comes from the interdependence that arises from specialization of work and the complementarities between people—a development which occurs in "modern" and "industrial" societies. Definition: it is social cohesion based upon the dependence individuals in more advanced societies have on each other. Although individuals perform different tasks and often have different values and interest, the order and very solidarity of society depends on their reliance on each other to perform their specified tasks. Organic here is referring to the interdependence of the component parts. Thus, social solidarity is maintained in more complex societies through the interdependence of its component parts

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12. ??? ???????? ……………………… (1)??????????——????????????????????——?????? «????»? «?????»???? (?«????»?«?????»)?????????????????????——?????????????????"????????????——???????????????????????? ??????…………………………… (23)???????——????? (Solidarite)??? (Interdependance)?????——???????——«????»?«?????»????????????——???????,???????,?????????????????????????????? ?????????——????????????????????? ?????……………………………… (48)?????????????——«?????»?«??????»?????????——?????????????——?????——??????????????——???????????????????????????——??????——?????? ???????——?????????——??????????????????—— ?????????????????????????

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17. ?? Duguit's novel objectivist theory of public and constitutional law, developed in amicable rivalry with his colleague of Toulouse, was to have a lasting effect on the development of these areas of law. In Duguit's view, the state was not a mythical Sovereign inherently superior to all its subjects, or even a particularly powerful legal person, but merely a group of people engaged in public service, the activity constituting and legitimising the state.

18. ???????? Although critical of notions such as sovereignty, legal personhood and even property to the extent it is not legitimised by a social purpose, he distanced himself from Marxist thought by emphasizing the role of the economy for the development of the state.

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