Napoleon Honestly, was he even French?

1. Napoleon Honestly, was he even French?

2. Napoleon’s Rise to Power Earlier military career  the Italian Campaigns: • 1796-1797  he conquered most of northern Italy for France, and had developed a taste for governing. • In northern Italy, he moved to suppress religious orders, end serfdom, and limit age-old noble privilege.

3. A master of psychological warfare? Napoleon's Proclamation to His Troops in Italy (March-April 1796) In 1796, Napoleon, then a young officer of 27 years of age, was given command of the French army in Italy. In the Italian campaign, he demonstrated his genius for propaganda and psychological warfare, as the following selections from his proclamation to his troops makes clear.

4. [April 26, 1796]In a fortnight you have won six victories, taken twenty-one standards, […] several strong positions, and conquered the richest part of Piedmont [a region in northern Italy]; you have captured 15,000 prisoners and killed or wounded more than 10,000 men. . . . You have won battles without cannon, crossed rivers without bridges, made forced marches without shoes, camped without brandy and often without bread. Soldiers of liberty, only republican phalanxes [infantry troops] could have endured what you have endured. Soldiers, you have our thanks! The grateful Patrie[nation] will owe its prosperity to you. . . . The two armies which but recently attacked you with audacity are fleeing before you in terror; the wicked men who laughed at your misery and rejoiced at the thought of the triumphs of your enemies are confounded and trembling.

5. But, soldiers, as yet you have done nothing compared with what remains to be done. . . . . . . Undoubtedly the greatest obstacles have been overcome; but you still have battles to fight, cities to capture, rivers to cross. Is there one among you whose courage is abating? No. . . All of you are consumed with a desire to extend the glory of the French people; all of you long to humiliate those arrogant kings who dare to contemplate placing us in fetters; all of you desire to dictate a glorious peace, one which will indemnify the Patriefor the immense sacrifices it has made; all of you wish to be able to say with pride as you return to your villages, "I was with the victorious army of Italy!"

6. But after Italy  the Egyptian Campaign: • 1798  he was defeated by British navy under Admiral Horatio Nelson, who destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile. • Abandoning his troops in Egypt, Napoleon returned to France and received a hero’s welcome! (because he controlled all information going from Egypt to France – France didn’t know how badly things were going!!!)

7. Napoleon as “First Consul” With the DIRECTORY in disarray, Napoleon launched a successful coup d’ etat on November 9, 1799. AKA – 18 Brumaire, Year VIII

8. How did he come to power? • Lets look at the coup d'état and new Constitution… (document study) • Where was the power?

9. Napoleon as “First Consul” With the government in disarray, Napoleon launched a successful coup d’ etat on November 9, 1799. He proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title] and did away with the elected Assembly [appointing a Senate instead]. As First Consul, Napoleon was clearly the highest power in the land, and a fairly absolutist ruler. But, he was careful to set up what were largely imaginary representative institutions in order to preserve the illusion of a republic.

10. In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life.”

11. As Napoleon, newly in power, what reforms do you think would be important and beneficial for both France and your security as leader? Time for an in depth look at his reforms. In groups look at the different reforms introduced by Napoleon. Economic Legal Social Religious

12. The Influence of the Napoleonic Code Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.

13. What did Napoleon’s policies mean for women in France and across Europe? Document study… “The Wife is Obliged”

14. Europe in 1800

15. 1804 - proclaimed himself “Emperor.” Which the French supported in a referendum

16. Napoleon’s views on France heading into the Empire period. Document study…

17. Emperor Napoleon I

18. “Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David December 2, 1804

19. The Empress Josephine

20. The Imperial Image

21. The “Empire” Style Madame Recamier by David, 1808

22. Neo-Classical Architecture Napoleon’s Tomb

23. Activity • Using your Richards textbook complete the “Timeline of Napoleonic Wars” worksheet

24. Napoleonic Europe

25. SeaPower 1805: France   Britain Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr. Navy lost!) Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns

26. Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns -Danube-Italy  Britain Austria Russia(3rd Coalition) 1805: France  ULM: France defeated Austria. AUSTERLITZ: France defeated Austria & Russia. Crowned “King of Italy” on May 6, 1805

27. “Crossing the Alps,” 1805 Paul Delaroche

28. Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns Confed.of theRhine 1806: France   Prussia JENA: French Troops in Berlin! BERLIN DECREES(“Continental System”) 4th Coalition created

29. The Continental System GOAL to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe. Berlin Decrees (1806) • British ships were not allowed in European ports and no British goods could be imported into any nations under French influence. Milan Decree (1807) • Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. In addition no European country could trade with Britain.

30. The Continental System

31. Britain’s response “Orders in Council” (1807) • The British declared that the USA could not trade with France. Results of Continentalism: • Britian didn’t really suffer • France struggled economically • The edicts eventually led to the United States declaring war on Britain  WAR OF 1812.

32. Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns Poland 1806: France   Russia Grand Duchy of Warsaw FRIEDLAND: France defeated Russian troops : France occupied Konigsberg, capital of East Prussia!

33. “Napoleon on His Imperial Throne” 1806 By Jean AugusteDominique Ingres

34. Josephine’s Divorce Statement (1807) With the permission of our august and dear husband, I must declare that, having no hope of bearing children who would fulfill the needs of his policies and the interests of France, I am pleased to offer him the greatest proof of attachment and devotion ever offered on this earth.

35. Napoleon’s Divorce Statement (1807) Far from ever finding cause for complaint, I can to the contrary only congratulate myself on the devotion and tenderness of my beloved wife. She has adorned thirteen years of my life; the memory will always remain engraved on my heart.

36. Marie Louise(of Austria)married Napoleon on March 12, 1810 in Vienna

37. Marie Louise(of Austria)withNapoleon’s Son (Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles: 1811-1832)

38. Peninsular Campaign: 1807-1810 ContinentalSystem 1806: France   Spain Portugal Portugal did not comply with the Continental System. France wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal. Spain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well!

39. “The Spanish Ulcer” Napoleon tricked the Spanish king and prince to come to France, where he imprisoned them. He proclaimed his brother, Joseph, to be the new king of Spain. He stationed over 100,000 Fr troops in Madrid. On May 2, 1808 [Dos de Mayo] the Spanish rose up in rebellion. Fr troops fired on the crowd in Madrid the next day [Tres de Mayo].

40. “Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)

41. “The Spanish Ulcer” Napoleon now poured 500,000 troops into Spain over the next few years. But the Fr generals still had trouble subduing the Spanish population. The British viewed this uprising as an opportunity to weaken Napoleon. • They moved an army into Portugal to protect that country and to aid the Spanish guerillas. After 5 long years of savage fighting, Fr troops were finally pushed back across the Pyrenees Mountains out of Spain. The Surrender of MadridMay, 1809by Goya

42. Napoleon’s Empire in 1810

43. Napoleon’s Family Rules! Jerome Bonaparte (brother)  King of Westphalia. Joseph Bonaparte (brother)  King of Spain Louis Bonaparte (brother)  King of Holland Pauline Bonaparte (sister)  Princess of Italy Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) @ birth named King of Rome, heir to French Empire Elisa Bonaparte (sister)  Grand Duchess of Tuscany Caroline Bonaparte (sister)  Queen of Naples

44. The “Big Blunder” -- Russia The retreat from Spain came on the heels of Napoleon’s disastrous Russian Campaign (1812-1813). In July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia. • The Russians avoided a directconfrontation with Napoleon. • They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would act as “support” for the Russian cause]. • The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food.

45. Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow September 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. The Russians had set fire to the city.

46. Moscow Is On Fire!

47. Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813) 100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!

48. The 6th Coalition Napoléon’sDefeat 1813-1814: France   Britain, Russia.Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states

49. Napoleon Abdicates! Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814. Napoléon abdicated on April 4 in favour of his son, aged 3, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. Son is Emperor Napoleon II for 7 days. Napoléon abdicated fully on April 11. Treaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. The royalists took control and restoredLouis XVIII to the throne.

50. Napoleon’s Abdication