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Wars of the Roses

Wars of the Roses. Characteristics of the Wars. Dynastic Struggle House of Lancaster (Red Rose) House of York (White Rose) Factional Conflict Between Ins and Outs Private Vendettas. Battle of Barnet, 1471. Second Battle of St. Albans, 1461. Battle of Tewkesbury, 1471.

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Wars of the Roses

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  1. Wars of the Roses

  2. Characteristics of the Wars • Dynastic Struggle • House of Lancaster (Red Rose) • House of York (White Rose) • Factional Conflict Between Ins and Outs • Private Vendettas Battle of Barnet, 1471

  3. Second Battle of St. Albans, 1461

  4. Battle of Tewkesbury, 1471

  5. Beheading of Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset in 1471 at Tewkesbury. Edward IV watches.

  6. Family Feuds: Neville vs. Percy Soldiers of Edward IV Put Richard, Earl of Warwick, to Death, 1471

  7. Historical Consensus • Wars of Roses Valid Term • No Permanent Political Polarization • Not an Era of Moral Delinquency • 1485 Not Significant Turning Point Battle of Townton Moor, 1461

  8. Overview • 1st War, House of Lancaster Versus House of York • Stage 1, 1459-64 • Stage 2, 1469-71 • 2nd War, House of York Versus House of Tudor, 1483-87

  9. New Conceptualization of the Wars • Causation: • Long-Term • Short-Term • Immediate Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick: “The Kingmaker”

  10. Earl of Warwick, “The Kingmaker”

  11. Long-Term Cause of 1st War • Shift in Balance of Power Between Crown and Magnates • Role of Edward III • Concessions to Barons • Impact King Edward III (1327-77)

  12. Edward III Effigy at Westminster Abby Stained Glass Image

  13. Edward I Presiding Over Parliament, c. 1278

  14. Short-Term Causes of the 1st War: Overview • Impact of Defeat in Hundred Years’ War • Old Historical Interpretation • Current Historical View • Financial Pressures on Landlords • Question of Legitimacy

  15. Old Historical Interpretation • Hundred Years’ War Ended, 1453 • Start of the Wars of the Roses, 1455 • Return of Nobles and Paid Retainers • Flaws in Argument Hundred Years’ War (1338-1453)

  16. Impact of Defeat in Hundred Years’ War Formation of Two Factions Truce of 1444 Normandy Invasion, 1449 Impact New Historical Interpretation Richard, Duke of York

  17. Earl of Suffolk’s Death • Lowest of the crew with a rusty sword hacked off his head in four or five strokes, 2 May 1450

  18. Financial Pressure On Landlords • Economic Squeeze • Rising Cost of Living 2. Impact Warwick Castle, Ancestral Home of the Earl of Warwick

  19. King’s Competence Consequences Question of Dynastic Legitimacy Death of Richard II, 1399

  20. Henry IV • Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby • Henry IV (1399-1413)

  21. Immediate Causes of the 1st War: Overview • Crown’s Growing Financial Weakness • Constitutional Failure of the Crown • Henry VI’s Character • Role of Queen Margaret of Anjou • Court’s Corruption • Corruption of Local Government Queen Margaret of Anjou, Wife of Henry VI

  22. Constitutional Theory Monarch “must live of his own” King’s Growing Dependence on Parliament Traditional Sources of Revenue Hundred Years’ War & Bastard Feudalism Crisis in King’s Financial Position Crown’s Growing Financial Weakness

  23. CONSTITUTIONAL FAILURE OF THE CROWN • Henry VI’s Inability to See that Justice was Done • His Council Dominated by One Faction • Serious Consequences • End Result: Escalation of Private Feuds

  24. Character Paralysis of Royal Justice Private, Illegal Violence King’s Loss of Prestige and Authority Henry VI’s Incompetence Henry VI (1422-61)

  25. Henry VI (1422-61) • "... our king is stupid  and out of his mind, he does not rule but is ruled" (Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.)

  26. Queen Margaret of Anjou

  27. King’s Loss of Revenue From Crown Land Growth of Spoils System King’s Advisors Misuse Power Duke of Suffolk Court’s Corruption

  28. Corruption of Local Government • Sheriffs, Coroners & JPs • Crown’s Sanctioning of Violence

  29. Cause of the 2nd War, 1483-87 • Richard, Duke of Gloucester’s Seizure of the Throne • Revulsion Against His Political Morality • Some Impetus from Weakness of Crown Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Richard III (1483-85)

  30. Richard III

  31. Murdered in the Tower of London, 1483 Edward V and His Brother, Richard, Duke of York

  32. Battle of Bosworth Field, 1485 Henry Tudor, Henry VII (1485-1509)

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