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RNA

RNA. Review of DNA. DNA is a double Helix that is a code for something What? Structure/Shape explains how it is replicated, but not how genes work. Helicase and DNA Polymerase Chargaff’s Rule Nucleotide

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RNA

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  1. RNA

  2. Review of DNA • DNA is a double Helix that is a code for something • What? • Structure/Shape explains how it is replicated, but not how genes work. • Helicase and DNA Polymerase • Chargaff’s Rule • Nucleotide • 5 Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose), Phosphate and Nucleic Acid (Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine)

  3. First Step in Decoding Messages: • Copy DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) into RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) • Note: “Deoxyribo” in Deoxyribonucleic Acid is in reference to the 5-Carbon Sugar in the backbone of the molecule • Deoxyribose • So what do you think the 5-Carbon Sugar is in the backbone of Ribonucleic Acid? • Ribose

  4. Differences (Between DNA and RNA) DNA RNA Deoxyribose Ribose Double Stranded Single Stranded Thymine Uracil

  5. RNA is a disposable copy of DNA • 3 Types of RNA • mRNA • Messengers – they carry copies of the instructions for proteins. (From Nucleus to Ribosome) • rRNA • Ribosomal – where the proteins are assembled. • Reminder: Ribosomes are made up of protein and RNA • tRNA • Transfers each amino acid to the ribosome

  6. How is a copy made? • Transcription • “Transcribe” or write a code • Only 1 strand is made! • RNA Polymerase • Separates DNA strands (at Hydrogen bonds) and acts as “Police” in creating the mRNA • Where does it start? • There are “start sites” called Promoters • Just like promoters for events let people know what is going on.

  7. Introns • “Extra” parts that are cut out of the final mRNA strand. • Exons • “Good” parts that are spliced together to make the final mRNA strand • Codons • 3 (consecutive) nucleotides long • Each one specifies for one of 20 amino acids • 64 different codons

  8. Special Codons: • StartCodon: AUG • StopCodons: UAA, UAG, UGA

  9. Translation • “Translates” from one language to another • Creates a chain of amino acids • Known as a protein. • It is the process of translating codons (mRNA) by using anti-codons (tRNA) into the amino acids they code for (which makes proteins) • Occurs at the Ribosomes • Anti-codons are complementary to codons

  10. Translation Can you identify the following: 1. mRNA 2. Codon 3. Anti-Codon 4. Amino Acid 5. Protein

  11. What is the big picture? • DNA is the Master Plan • Remains safe in the nucleus • mRNA is the Blueprint • Disposable copy • rRNA is the Building site • tRNA are the builders • Workers that make the proteins (amino acid chains) • DNA makes proteins and proteins express genes!

  12. Mutations • Changes in the letter sequence of the DNA • Chromosomal • Whole chromosome has been changed • Change in the number of chromosomes or their structure. • Gene • Single gene change (one or more letters) • Two types • Point • Frameshift

  13. Point Mutation • One nucleotide changes – May change the Amino Acid it codes for (and it may not)

  14. Frameshift Mutation • Typically makes the entire protein not useable. • Deletion • Removal of one or more Nucleotides • Insertion • Addition of a Nucleotide

  15. Frameshift Mutation (Continued)

  16. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PKjF7OumYo

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