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Explore the impact of war and famine during the late Middle Ages, from the adoption of longbows to the Hundred Years War, alongside the persecution of Jews. Discover how warfare evolved with sieges, longbows, and cannons.
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Famine & War During the Late Middle Ages
Timeline for late medieval warfare • 1290s: English adopt longbow from Welsh • 1302: Flemish use pikes successfully at Courtrai • 1333: English defeat Scots with longbow at Halidon Hill • 1337-1453: Hundred Years War • 1346, 1356: Longbow instrumental in English victories • 1382: Flemings use ribaudequin against French • 1415: English defeat French at Agincourt • 1420s, 1430s: Hussites use wagon fortresses • 1429: Joan of Arc defeats English at Orleans • 1440s &1450s: French employ small cannons to recapture fortresses
Lateran IV: Canon 68 - on Jews In some provinces a difference in dress distinguishes the Jews or Saracens from the Christians, but in certain others such a confusion has grown up that they cannot be distinguished by any difference. Thus it happens at times that through error Christians have relations with the women of Jews or Saracens, and Jews and Saracens with Christian women. Therefore,…we decree that such Jews and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress.
Lateran IV: Canon 68 - on Jews Moreover, during the last three days before Easter and especially on Good Friday, they shall not go forth in public at all, for the reason that some of them on these very days, as we hear, do not blush to go forth better dressed and are not afraid to mock the Christians who maintain the memory of the most holy Passion by wearing signs of mourning… This, however, we forbid most severely, that any one should presume at all to break forth in insult to the Redeemer. And since we ought not to ignore any insult to Him who blotted out our disgraceful deeds, we command that such impudent fellows be checked by the secular princes by imposing them proper punishment…
What pattern emerged in the persecution of Jews in the centuries surrounding the crusades? • Europeans came to treat the Jews more fairly. • Europeans adopted a separate but equal policy toward Jews. • European governments became increasingly active in persecution. • Something else
Where are we? High Middle Ages: 1000 ===> 1300 Expansion Crusades Blossoming of medieval civilization Chivalry Urbanization and Competition for Power Religious Enthusiasm/Persecution Late: 1300 ===>1500 Crises: Famine, War, Plague, Decline of Church Authority Inventions: Gunpowder, Print, Navigation Technology
Which class of society did Beowulf and early medieval war heroes come from? • The peasantry • The middle class • The aristocracy • No particular class
Siege Warfare was the most common form of engagement in the Middle Ages
Trebuchetpreceded the cannon for breaking down gates and hurling incendiaries
The Robin Hood legend became popular in the decades following the victories at Crecy (1356) and Poitiers (1356).
William Tell was a Swiss middle-class hero who opposed Habsburg tyranny
What were the consequences of the increased presence of the middle class in European warfare? • The size of armies grew • Warfare became more deadly • Recruitment became a big business • The nobility continued to dominate the command of wars • All of the above
Who were the chief antogonists during the Hundred Years War? • England & Scotland • England & France • France & Germany • France & Spain
What signs indicate a potential demographic catastrophe in the next century? What are the socio-economic effects of significant population loss?
Why is warfare one of the most popular topics that historians address? • Because it is exciting • Because it has practical value • Because it reminds me of video games or Game of Thrones • I have no idea • Something else
