The Arab-Israeli Conflict

1. The Arab-Israeli Conflict Objectives: To understand the origins of the conflict To understand the major events of the conflict To determine if peace is possible in the Middle East

2. ZIONISM In 1896 following the appearance of anti-Semitism in Europe, Theodore Herzl, the founder of Zionism, tried to find a political solution for the problem in his book, 'The Jewish State'. He advocated the creation of a Jewish state in Argentina or Palestine.

3. THE BALFOUR DECLARATION • At the time of World War I the area was ruled by the Turkish Ottoman empire. • Britain occupied the region at the end of the World War I in 1918 and was assigned as the mandatory power by the League of Nations on 25 April 1920. Then in 1917, the British Foreign Minister Arthur Balfour committed Britain to work towards “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people,” in a letter to leading Zionist Lord Rothschild.

4. UN Partition Plan Britain, which had ruled Palestine since 1920, handed over responsibility for solving the Zionist-Arab problem to the UN in 1947. • The UN recommended splitting the territory into separate Jewish and Palestinian states. • The partition plan gave: • 56.47% of Palestine to the Jewish state • 43.53% to the Arab state • An international enclave around Jerusalem. • On 29 November 1947, 33 countries of the UN General Assembly voted for partition, 13 voted against and 10 abstained. Which Countries are most likely to vote against the U.N. Partition Plan?

5. Establishment of Israel The State of Israel, the first Jewish state for nearly 2,000 years, was proclaimed on May 14, 1948 in Tel Aviv. The declaration came into effect the following day as the last British troops withdrew. The day after the state of Israel was declared five Arab armies from Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq immediately invaded Israel but were repulsed, and the Israeli army crushed pockets of resistance. Armistices established Israel's borders on the frontier of most of the earlier British Mandate Palestine.

6. The Suez Campaign 1956 • In 1956 Israel, France and Britain went to war against Egypt because: • Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and closed it to Israel and Western Europe • Concern about Egypt's growing military purchases from the Russians • Raids on Israel by Egyptian units. • During the war, Israel captured the Sinai desert, but eventually withdrew in response to U.S. pressure and returned the territory it had gained to Egypt.

7. Formation of the PLO In January 1964, the Palestinians created a genuinely independent organization when Yasser Arafat took over the chairmanship of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1969. His Fatah organization was gaining notoriety with its armed operations against Israel. Fatah fighters inflicted heavy casualties on Israeli troops at Karameh in Jordan in 1968.

8. The Six-Day War • In June 1967: • Egypt blockaded Israeli shipping lanes in the Strait of Tiran, expelled UN peacekeeping troops from the border of the Sinai and built up its own troops in the area. • Syria amassed large numbers of troops on the Golan Heights • Israel launched preemptive strikes against Egypt. Syria and Jordan joined the fight. Strait of Tiran

9. The Six-Day War The war lasted only six days. Israel captured the Sinai and the Gaza Strip from Egypt, the Golan Heights from Syria and the West Bank from Jordan including East Jerusalem.

10. The Yom Kippur War,1973 • In 1973, on Yom Kippur, the holiest day of the Jewish year, Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Jordan attacked Israel. • After initial Arab military successes, the Israelis managed to push back the attack. The U.S. convinced Israel to withdraw from the territories it had taken. • For many Israelis the 1973 war reinforced the strategic importance of buffer zones occupied in 1967. The heartland of Israel would have been overrun had it not been for the buffer zones of the West Bank, the Golan Heights and the Sinai.

11. Terrorism • In the 1970s, under Yasser Arafat's leadership, PLO factions and other militant Palestinian groups launched a series of attacks on Israeli and other targets. • One such attack took place at the Munich Olympics in 1972 in which 11 Israeli athletes were killed.

12. Arafat at the United Nations • But while the PLO pursued the armed struggle to "liberate all of Palestine," Arafat made a dramatic first appearance at the United Nations in 1974 mooting a peaceful solution. • He condemned the Zionist project, but concluded: • The speech was a watershed in the Palestinians' search for international recognition of their cause. "Today I have come bearing an olive branch and a freedom fighter's gun. Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand."

13. The Camp David Accords, 1979 In 1979, after intensive negotiations conducted by the U.S., Israel and Egypt signed the Camp David accords. A peace treaty was concluded and Israel returned the Sinai desert to the Egyptians. President Sadat of Egypt became the first Arab leader to visit the Jewish state.

14. 1967-1979 1979

15. Sadat Assassinated Hosni Mubarak VP becomes President (1981) Sadat was assassinated in 1981 by Islamist elements in the Egyptian army, who opposed peace with Israel, during national celebrations to mark the anniversary of the October war.

16. Palestinian Intifada A mass uprising - or intifada against the Israeli occupation began in Gaza and quickly spread to the West Bank. • Protest took the form of civil disobedience, general strikes, boycotts on Israeli products, graffiti, and barricades, but it was the stone-throwing demonstrations against the heavily-armed occupation troops that captured international attention. • The Israeli Defense Forces responded and there was heavy loss of life among Palestinian civilians. • More than 1,000 died in clashes which lasted until 1993.

18. Yasser Arafat Ariel Sharon

20. What would this cartoon say at the bottom?

21. What s the symbolism of this cartoon

22. What s the symbolism of this cartoon

23. The Oslo Peace Process The election of the left-wing Labour government in June 1992, led by Yitzhak Rabin, triggered a period of frenetic Israeli-Arab peacemaking in the mid-1990s. • The PLO, meanwhile, wanted to make peace talks work because of the weakness of its position due to the Gulf War in 1991. • The Palestinians consented to recognize Israel in return for the beginning of phased dismantling of Israel's occupation. • Negotiations culminated in the Declaration of Principles, signed on the White House lawn and sealed with a historic first handshake between Rabin and Yasser Arafat watched by 400 million people around the world.

24. Jordan-Israeli Peace • In July 1994 Prime Minister Mr. Rabin and King Hussein of Jordan signed a peace agreement ending 46 years of war and strained relations. • The agreement, which was signed at the White House in the presence of U.S. President Bill Clinton, laid the groundwork for a full peace treaty

25. Rabin Assassinated Nov, 1995 • Oslo II was greeted with little enthusiasm by Palestinians, while Israel's religious right was furious at the "surrender of Jewish land". • Amid an incitement campaign against Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, a Jewish religious extremist assassinated him sending shock waves around the world. (1995)

26. In the uncertainty of the ensuing impasse, Ariel Sharon, toured the al-Aqsa/Temple Mount complex in Jerusalem on 28 September. • Palestinian demonstrations followed, quickly developing into what became known as the al-Aqsa intifada. Talks Fail, New Intifada Starts! - 2000 • After the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon in May 2000, attention turned back to Yasser Arafat, who was under pressure to abandon gradual negotiations and launch an all-out push for a final settlement at the presidential retreat at Camp David. • Two weeks of talks failed to come up with acceptable solutions to the status of Jerusalem and the right of return of Palestinian refugees.

27. The first step on the road map was the appointment of the first-ever Palestinian Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas (also known as Abu Mazen) by Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. “Road Map to Peace” – June 2002 • The "road map" for peace is a plan to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict proposed by the United States, the European Union, Russia, and the United Nations. • The principles of the plan calls for an independent Palestinian state living side by side with the Israeli state in peace. Bush was the first U.S. President to explicitly call for a two state solution (Palestinian state.)

28. Hamas vs Fatah (PLO) • Elections held in 2006 had Hamas winning the majority of the vote • The decision was made to keep Abbas as prime minister (Hamas is not associated with the ruling PLO party the Fatah) • Goals of the HAMAS: ------------------ • 'The Islamic Resistance Movement is a distinguished Palestinian movement, whose allegiance is to Allah, and whose way of life is Islam. It strives to raise the banner of Allah over every inch of Palestine.' (Article 6) • On the Destruction of Israel: ------------------------- • 'Israel will exist and will continue to exist until Islam will obliterate it, just as it obliterated others before it.' (Preamble)

29. New Hope? During his acceptance speech in Ramallah, Abbas said that "there is a difficult mission ahead to build our state, to achieve security for our people ... to give our prisoners freedom, our fugitives a life in dignity, to reach our goal of an independent state." Abbas Prediction: Can there be peace in the Middle East?