Social Psychology

1. Social Psychology A.P. Psychology

2. Steubenville, Ohio

3. Social Psychology • Connected to real life

4. Social Psychology • Studies how individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others. • How individuals influence groups, and are influenced by them. • Distinctive • 1. Connection • 2. Experimentation • Social Influence

5. Bystander Effect • Tendency • Kitty Genovese • John Darley and Bibb Latane • Methods of Study

6. Bystander Effect • Diffusion of Responsibility • 5 Decision Points • 1. Notice the Event • 2. Defining and Understanding it is an Emergency • 3. Taking Responsibility • 4. Planning a Course of Action • 5. Take Action

7. Bystander Effect • Mood • Gender • Physical Attractiveness • Victim’s Appearance • Racial and Ethnic Differences

8. What are Stereotypes Associated with the following • Impoverished people • Gender • Italians • Scottish • Polish • Lawyers • Tech people

9. Social Cognition • Area of Psychology that explains how people select, interpret, remember and use social information. • How individuals think in social situations.

10. Person Perception • Social Stimuli • Face • Todarov • US / Bulgaria • Criminals

11. Physical Attractiveness • Infants • Assumptions • Command more attention • Attractiveness Stereotype - What is beautiful is Good • Big 5 Personality Traits

12. Stereotype • Beliefs about memberships in groups • Simplification • Heuristic • Self-fulfilling Prophecy • Gender Stereotypes • Ethnic Stereotypes • Occupational Stereotypes • Social Inequality

13. First Impressions • Lasting Effect • Accuracy • Difficult to change • Influence how we relate • Personal Disclosure • Too Much • Cultural Differences • Social Media

14. Attribution • After you have been acquainted • Explain the causes of behavior

15. Attribution Theory • 1. Internal / External • 2. Stable / Unstable • 3. Controllable / Uncontrollable

16. Attributional Errors, Attitudes and Persuasion

17. Social Behavior

18. Social Behavior • Prosocial Behaviors • Altruism • Egoism • Biological Influences • Psychological Factors • Empathy

19. Social Behavior • Altruism • Personality • Mood • Sociocultural Factors • Socioeconomic Status • Media Influence

20. Social Behavior • Aggression • Biological Influences • Genes • Twins • Neurobiological Factors

21. Social Behavior • Aggression • Personality Characteristics • Frustrating and Aversive Stimuli • Frustration and Aggression Hypothesis • Aversive Circumstances • Cognitive Determinants • Priming • Weapons Effect • Observational Learning

22. Social Behavior • Aggression • Sociocultural Influence • Cultures of Honor • Media • Violent Pornography • Rape Myth • Violent Video Games

23. Social Influence • Conformity • Solomon Asch • Biological Factors • Psychological Factors • Informational Social Influence • Normative Social Influence • Cultural Factors

24. Obedience • A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from a person in a position of authority. • Difference from conformity • Stanley Milgram • Replication

25. Obedience • Stanford Prison Experiment • Philip Zimbardo • Stanford University • Social Roles • Exerting Personal Control • Reactance

26. Close Relationships • Proximity and Similarity • Proximity • Mere Exposure Effect • Similarity • Consensual Validation • Attitude Adjustment • Physical Attraction • Matching Hypothesis • Reciprocity of Liking

27. Love • Robert Sternberg

28. Love

29. Social Exchange Theory • Costs and Benefits • Equity • Mental Balance Sheet • Over Time

30. Investment Model • Commitment • Investment • Availability of Attractive Alternatives

31. Social Psychology Review A.P. Psychology

32. In his study on obedience, Stanley Milgram found that the majority of the participants • refused to shock the participants even once. • complied with the experiment until the learner first indicated pain. • complied with the experiment until the learner screamed in agony. • complied with all the demands of the experiment.

33. According to the cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance is most likely to occur when • a. a person’s behavior is not based on strongly held attitudes. • b. two people have conflicting attitudes and find themselves in disagreement. • c. an individual does something that is personally disagreeable. • d. an individual is coerced into something that they do not want to do.

34. The phenomenon in which individuals lose their identity and relinquish their moral restraints when they are a part of a group is called • group think • cognitive dissonance • empathy • deindividualization

35. Subjects in Solomon Asch’s “perception” test, conformed to the group standard when their judgement was observed by others but not when they were observed in private. This tendency to conform in public demonstrates • a. social facilitation • b. overjustification • c. informational social influence • d. normative social influence Normative Social Influence – the influence others have on us because we want them to like us. Social Facilitation – performance improves due to the presence of others.

36. Aggression is defined as behavior that • hurts another person. • is intended to hurt another person. • is hostile, passionate and produces physical injury. • has all of these characteristics.

37. Research studies have found a positive correlation between aggressive tendencies in animals and levels of the hormone • estrogen • adrenaline • noradrenaline • testosterone

38. Research studies have indicated that the tendency of viewers to misperceive normal sexuality devalue their partners, and trivialize rape is • increased by exposure to pornography. • not changed after exposure to pornography. • decreased in men after exposure to pornography. • decreased in both men and women after exposure to pornography.

39. Increasing the number of people that are present during an emergency tends to • increase the likelihood that people will cooperate in rendering assistance. • decrease the empathy that people will feel for the victim. • increase the norms that social norms governing heling will play. • decrease the likelihood that anyone will assist.

40. This is a form of love that has an incredible amount of intimacy but no passion or commitment. • Infatuation • Empty Love • Romantic Love • Liking • Infatuous Love

41. The mere exposure effect demonstrates that • a. familiarity breeds contempt. • b. opposites attract. • c. birds of a feather flock together. • d. familiarity breeds fondness.

42. Which of the following is associated with an increased tendency on the part of the bystander to offer help in an emergency situation? • being in a good mood. • having recently needed help and did not receive it. • observing someone as he or she refuses to offer assistance. • being a female.

43. Which of the following is an example of implicit prejudice? • Jake, who is white, gives higher evaluations to essays who he believes were written by black students, than to white authored essays. • Carol believes that white people are arrogant. • Brad earns more than Jane, despite having the same job skills, performance rating, seniority. • In certain countries women are not allowed to drive motor vehicles.

44. We tend to perceive members of the ingroup as ______ and members of the outgroup as _______. We tend to think of outgroups as all the same • similar to one another; different from one another • different from one another; similar to one another • above average in ability; below average in ability • below average in ability; above average in ability

45. Regarding the influence of testosterone and alcohol on aggressive behavior, which of the following is true? • Consumption of alcohol increases aggressive behavior, injections of testosterone reduce aggressive behavior. • Consumption of alcohol reduces aggressive behavior, injections of testosterone increase aggressive behavior. • Consumption of alcohol and injections of testosterone both promote increases aggressive behavior. • Consumption of alcohol and injections of testosterone both reduce aggressive behavior.

46. Two neighboring nations are stockpiling weapons. Each sees its neighbors actions as an act of aggression, and its own action as an act of self-defense. Evidently these nations are victims of • prejudice • group think • self- serving bias • fundamental attribution error Self serving bias – take credit for success, deny responsibility for our failures on our own behalf. Fundamental attribution error – tendency of observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external factors.

47. Which of the following is the most powerful predictor of friendship? • similarity in age • common racial and religious background • similarity in physical attractiveness • physical proximity

48. Most researchers agree that • media violence is a factor in aggression. • there is a negative correlation between media violence and aggression. • paradoxically, watching excessive pornography ultimately diminishes an individual’s aggressiveness. • media violence is too unreal to promote violent behavior.

49. People with power and status may become prejudiced because • they tend to justify the social inequalities between themselves and others. • those with less power and status tend to resent them. • those with less power and status appear less capable. • they feel proud and are boastful of their achievements.

50. Research has found that for a minority to succeed in swaying a majority, the minority must • make up a sizable portion of the group. • express its position as consistently and confidently as possible. • express its position in the most extreme terms possible. • be able to convince a key majority leader.