Chapter 6: ETHICS & CONFIDENTIALITY

1. Chapter 6: ETHICS & CONFIDENTIALITY Protecting Human Rights

2. 1947 – Nuremberg Code • 1955 – Law passed barring future recording of jury deliberations • 1961 – Milgram Study of Obedience to Authority at Yale University • 1964 – Reinforced Nuremberg Code and added two new points • 1932-1972 – US Public Health Service funds Tuskegee Syphilis Study • 1974 – Institutional Review Board (IRB) system established by The National Research Act of 1974 • 1979 – Belmont Report leads to amendments of The National Research Act of 1974 The Development of Ethics rules

3. Respect for Persons • People should not be coerced into participating • People with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection to prevent exploitation • Researchers must respect a person’s privacy and confidentiality The 3 Basic Principles of Ethics

4. Beneficence • Beneficence obligates the research team to secure the well-being of all participants • The goal is to maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms The 3 Basic Principles of Ethics

5. Justice • Justice requires that the research project attempts to distribute risks and benefits fairly and without bias at all times • Participants should not be sleeved only due to race, class, or gender The 3 Basic Principles of Ethics

6. To ensure participants are voluntarily choosing to participate in the project and that they are fully aware of what the project entails, we suggest having them sign an informed consent form. • Prospective participants in a project must understand the purpose, the procedures, the potential risks and benefits of their involvement, and their alternatives to participation. • Prospective participants must be given the opportunity to discuss any questions or concerns with a knowledgeable research team member. • Prospective participants may need time to think about their decision. Informed Consent