Livestock & Wildlife diseases in the SEL

1. Livestock & Wildlife diseases in the SEL M. de Garine-Wichatitsky, A. Caron, D. Pfukenyi, T. Hove, C. Gomo, L. Jomane, E. Miguel, C. Foggin, J. Makwangudze, et al.

2. Background: CIRAD has been doing applied research in wildlife management and agricultural productions since 1995 in collaboration with DNPWMA and DVS, especially in mid-Zambezi valley and Hwange NP Since 2007: Research Platform « Production and Conservation in Parnership » (CIRAD, UZ, NUST, CNRS): 6 PhD and 16 Masters (including C. Gomo and L. Jomane, CVL; H. Ndaima, NPWMA) Animal Health and Environment: activities focus on wild-domestic interactions and potential disease transmission, mainly in Gonarezhou NP and its peripheries, in collaboration with Dept Vet Services, NPWMA, UZ, NUST and CNRS

3. RP-PCP: 1 object of research “Wild-domestic interfaces” • « Domestic » • « Wild » ?

4. Animal health at the livestock-wildlife interface of the SEL of Zimbabwe • Hypothesis: diseases of livestock mainly influenced by • Composition and dynamics of wild/domestic ungulate communities • 2) Frequency and intensity of contacts between wild/domestic ungulates A. Caron et al. 2010. AHEAD oral presentation A. Caron et al. 2009. Infection, Genetics and Evolution

5. Communities of wild and domestic ungulates ? Communities of pathogens

6. ? Multi-host/Multipathogen approach

7. GLTFCA

8. CLWP, 2007

9. CLWP, 2007 Land tenure in the SEL in 2007

10. Study sites and design South-East Lowveld of Zimbabwe • Gonarezhou National Park • Mabalauta area

11. Site 1: 1a) Malipati • 1b) Pesvi 1a 1b

12. - Site 1: Malipati/Pesvi - Site 2: Chikombedzi 2 1

13. - Site 3: Chizvirizvi/Malilangwe 3 2 1

14. Choice of diseases • Based on 3 criteria: • Perceptions by farmers • Zoonosis • Importance at the national (international) level

15. Perceptions of farmers CLLP Project (2006-2007)

16. Zoonosis • Transmission to human possible • Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) – not cited by farmers • Brucellosis (CA) – not cited by farmers • Rift Valley Fever (RVF) – not cited by farmers • BUT • bTB in Kruger NP • Brucellosis in Kruger NP and cattle in SA • RVF: recurrent outbreaks in SA (notably 2009, 2010, history in Zimbabwe

17. Final List of diseases selected

18. Results: BTb Wildlife (October 2008) Buffalo: 4/38 positive GIF (10.5%, 2 different herds) 2 slaughtered; histopathology +; culture + Typing of strain: similar to KNP Buffalo Kudus: 0/22 positive GIF M. de Garine-Wichatitsky et al. 2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases

19. Results: BTb Wildlife (October 2008) Buffalo: 4/38 positive GIF (10.5%, 2 different herds) 2 slaughtered; histopathology +; culture + Typing of strain: similar to KNP Buffalo Kudus: 0/22 positive GIF M. de Garine-Wichatitsky et al. in press. Emerging Infectious Diseases Wildlife (November 2009) Buffalo: 1/10 positive GIF + 2 suspect (1 herd) the 3 animals tested negative GIF in October 2009 Presence of bTB with high prevalence & incidence in buffalo

20. Results: BTb Cattle (2008-2009) Malipati: 4/193 positive CITT (2.1%) Confirmation: 2 GIF negative Culture & histopathology (1 negative) Pesvi: 3/176 positive CITT (1.7%) Confirmation: GIF (1 negative) Chikombedzi: 1/60 positive CITT (1.7%) Chizvirizvi: 0/60 positive CITT (0%) No confirmation of BTB infection in cattle Gomo et al. MPhil thesis in prep

21. Spread of bTB in perspective

22. Results: FMD Wildlife Probang testing = 0 isolation

23. Results: FMD Cattle • Co-funding – project CORUS • Vaccination trial • 2 vaccinated diptanks • 2 unvaccinated diptanks

24. Results: FMD Cattle BVI Vaccine Vaccinations April 2009 March 2010 Sampling

25. Time T0 (Day 0) Viral Circulation

26. Time T4 (Day 126) Circulation SAT3 strain Same observation in Mozambique/S of Limpopo NP: circulation of SAT3 strain in cattle

27. Results: Brucellosis Wildlife Buffalos: 0/51 positive RBT/CFT; 0/51 positive c-ELISA Kudus: 0/24 positive RBT/CFT; 0/24 positive c-ELISA Impala: 0/38 positive RBT/CFT; 0/38 positive c-ELISA

28. Results: Brucellosis Wildlife Buffalos: 0/47 positive RBT/CFT; 0/47 positive c-ELISA Kudus: 0/16 positive RBT/CFT; 0/16 positive c-ELISA Impala: 0/33 positive RBT/CFT; 0/33 positive c-ELISA Giraffe: 1/1 positive RBT/CFT; 1/1 positive c-ELISA Cattle 1135 cattle sampled in 2008/2009 Sero-prevalence between 5 and 12 % depending on sites (mean 9.9%) Gomo et al. 2010. AHEAD poster

29. Results: RVF Wildlife Buffalo: 2/38 positive I-ELISA (5.3%, 0 doubtful) (Oct 2008) Kudus: 0/22 positive I-ELISA (0%, 0 doubtful) (Oct 2008) Impala: 0/23 positive I-ELISA (0%, 0 doubtful) (Oct 2008) Cattle 1a) Malipati: 13/69 positive I-ELISA (18.8%, 7 doubtful) (Oct 2008) 3/80 positive I-ELISA (3.7%,) (November 2009) 2) Chikombedzi: 1/27 positive I-ELISA (3.7%, 0 doubtful) (Oct 2008) 3) Chizvirizvi: 1/28 positive I-ELISA (3.6%, 3 doubtful) (Oct 2008) No clinical case recorded, but serological evidence that RV virus is circulating M. de Garine-Wichatitsky et al. 2009. ISVEE oral communication

30. Way forward Preliminary results of ongoing studies, …further analysis required! Further projects: • PhD E. Miguel, Pathogen transmission wildlife-livestock in Hwange and GNP and peripheries • MPhil with UZ (Vet and Public Health) on risk of spill-over of bTB and brucellosis to human populations (GNP, Hwange)

31. Way forward Preliminary results of ongoing studies, …further analysis required! Further projects: • PhD E. Miguel, Pathogen transmission wildlife-livestock in Hwange and GNP and peripheries • MPhil with UZ (Vet and Public Health) on risk of spill-over of bTB and brucellosis to human populations (GNP, Hwange) • Transboundary movements of buffaloes across GLTFCA Objective: Monitor movements and potential spread of pathogens by buffalo herds located close to borders in northern KNP, northern LNP and SC Partners: coordination by CIRAD, in collaboration with Zim DVS/WVU, Zim NPWMA, SANParks, U.Pretoria/MRI, Moz Parks and VS, UEM Proposal submitted to GLTFCA Feb 2010, to Zim NPWMA Jan 2010 and SANParks Feb 2010 5 cattle 3 x 4 buffalo (June 2010)

32. Way forward Preliminary results of ongoing studies, …further analysis required! Further projects: • PhD E. Miguel, Pathogen transmission wildlife-livestock in Hwange and GNP and peripheries • MPhil with UZ (Vet and Public Health) on risk of spill-over of bTB and brucellosis to human populations (GNP, Hwange) • Transboundary movements of buffaloes across GLTFCA Priority/Recommendations : 1) Assess risk of pathogen spill-over at the wildlife-livestock-human interface, and develop mitigation strategies 2) Re-establish disease surveillance in livestock and/or wildlife at the peripheries of TFCAs (e.g. bTB in buffalo populations in central and northern GNP and peripheries): target wild/domestic species according to disease under consideration(early detection)

33. Acknowledgements • UZ/Vet Faculty (Pr Hove, L. Jomane) • DVS/Zim (Dr Hargreaves, Dr Njagu, Dr Makaya) • OVI/U. Pretoria (Dr Michel, T. Hlokwe et al) • NPWMA/Zim (Dr Madzikanda, staff GNP) • SANParks (Dr Hofmeyr) Supported by • European Union • French Embassy in Harare • ANR, CIRAD and CNRS And thank you for your attention!!