Project Assigned by:

2. Project Assigned by: Mrs Tahira Shahid(Instructor) Miss Amara Saleem(Internee) ELECTRONICS

3. Project presented by: Group Members: Sadaf, Fizza, Humaira, Irsa, Amber Govt. Polytechnic Institute for women

4. Problem Statement • The latest crisis that has Pakistani’s from all walks of life up is the lack of electrical power throughout the country. While rolling blackouts or load shedding as its locally known has always been a staple of daily life in Pakistan, the problem has become acute in the last couple of years.

5. Suggested Solution • Being an Electronic engineer we felt this need of time and decided to do a project with our students in which they will make their own self start generator for home. So the project title is AC Generator for backup Power(Gas operated).

6. Tasks given to students • In our group, which consists of five members, effort we will divide the responsibilities among ourselves. • Two of them will deal with market and collect the information about the materials in market. • other three will work on circuit design and do research work.

7. Today we will explore electrical energy, better known as electricity So What Exactly Is Electricity? Electricity by definition is electric current that is used as a power source! This electric current is generated in a power plant, and then sent out over a power grid to your homes, and ultimately to your power outlets.

8. I guess the next question would be... What is Electric Current? The movement of charges such as electrons is called current, and this electrical current is what powers household appliances. Charge Passing Through A Given Area ------------------------------- Time Electric Current =

9. So How Is An Electric Current Generated? Electric current generation - whether from fossil fuels, nuclear, renewable fuels, or other sources is usually based on the: Simple Equation For Electricity Generation

10. Historical developments • Before the connection between magnetism and electricity was discovered, electrostatic generators were invented that used electrostatic principles. These generated very high voltages and low currents. • The earlier electrical generators are • Faraday's disk • Jedlik's dynamo • MHD generator • synchronous singly-fed generator • Doubly-fed electric machine • brushless wound-rotor doubly-fed generator • asynchronous or induction singly-fed generator

11. Electromagnetic Induction In September of 1831, Michael Faraday made the discovery of Electromagnetic Induction. Faraday attached two wires to a disc and rotated the disc between the opposing poles of a horseshoe magnet creating an electric current. Induced magnetic field opposes the original magnetic field change (Lenz’s law)

12. Motion is Essential If you place a magnet and a conductor (copper wire), in a room together there will be no electric current generated. This is because motion, from our equation for electricity, is missing! An electric current is not generated unless the magnetic field is moving relative to the copper wire, or the copper wire is moving relative to the magnetic field.

13. Simple Electric Generator So simple electric generators found in power plants contain, magnets and copper wire that when put into motion relative to one another create the electric current that is sent out to homes. The major problem in electricity generation Is where does the Motion come from that keeps the copper wire and magnets moving relative to one another. In this case, wind power applies a force to the blades that turns them. The spinning blades, spin an armature that turns the copper wire relative to the magnetic field. As long as the blades spin, electricity will be generated!

14. Electric Generator An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by a motor; motors and generators have many similarities. A generator forces electrons in the windings to flow through the external electrical circuit. It is somewhat analogous to a water pump, which creates a flow of water but does not create the water inside. The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crankcrank, compressed air or any other source of mechanical energy.

15. Electric Generator

16. Components of AC generator • a. Field • b. Armature • c. Prime mover • d. Rotor • e. Stator • f. Slip rings • Because power transferred into the field circuit is much less than in the armature circuit, AC generators nearly always have the field winding on the rotor and the stator as the armature winding. Only a small amount of field current must be transferred to the moving rotor, using slip rings. Direct current machines necessarily have the commutator on the rotating shaft, so the armature winding is on the rotor of the machine.

17. Components of AC generator • The two main parts of a generator or motor can be described in either mechanical or electrical terms: Mechanical: • Rotor: The rotating part of an electrical machine • Stator: The stationary part of an electrical machine Electrical: • Armature: The power-producing component of an electrical machine. In a generator, alternator, or dynamo the armature windings generate the electrical current. The armature can be on either the rotor or the stator. • Field: The magnetic field component of an electrical machine. The magnetic field of the dynamo or alternator can be provided by either electromagnets or permanent magnets mounted on either the rotor or the stator.

18. Other Energy Considerations -Biomass Energy: Municipal Solid Waste – burning wastes to drive heat engines -Hydroelectric Power: Conversion from potential energy of water to electric energy is at 80 – 90% efficiency -Fossil fuel energy • Wind Power – uses the wind energy. wind farms tend to generate between 50 and 600 Kw • Solar Power – uses the sun energy to either boil water or directly converts • solar energy to electrical energy • Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion – uses temperature differences • between different depths of ocean water to drive a heat engine. Working • fluid is ammonia which is gas at room temperature. • Geothermal Energy – based on naturally occurring heat in the Earth in the • Earth due to radioactive decay • Tidal Energy – uses the gravitational pull of the moon on our oceans to • drive turbines

19. References • www.manliftgroup.com  • Augustus Heller (April 2, 1896), "Anianus Jedlik", Nature (Norman Lockyer) 53 • Langdon Crane, Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Power Generator: More Energy from Less Fuel, Issue Brief Number IB74057, Library of Congress Congressional Research Service, 1981, retrieved from http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/permalink/meta-crs-8402:1 • James Stallcup (2005). Stallcup's Generator, Transformer Motor And Compressor Book, 2005. Jones & Bartlett Publishers • Wikipedia • Horst Bauer Bosch Automotive Handbook 4th Edition Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart 1996.

20. Thank you