Chapter 4 Ancient India Section 1

1. Chapter 4Ancient IndiaSection 1 The Indus and Ganges River Valleys

2. “People are often unreasonable and self-centered. Forgive them anyway. If you are kind, people may accuse you of ulterior motives. Be kind anyway.  If you are honest, people may cheat you. Be honest anyway. If you find happiness, people may be jealous. Be happy anyway. The good you do today may be forgotten tomorrow. Do good anyway. Give the world the best you have and it may never be enough. Give your best anyway. For you see, in the end, it is between you and God. It was never between you and them anyway.”  ― Mother Teresa

3. citadel migration tributaries subcontinent Indus River Valley monsoon Himalayas Hindu Kush Mohenjo-Daro Harappa Key Word and Key Places

4. Himalaya Mts. – a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau of China Hindu Kush Mts.-long mountain range that stretches between central Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. Indus River – one of the seven sacred rivers of Hindus. Now the river flows through China (Tibet)and the rest of Pakistan.Ganges River – Great river of the plains of northern India. Ghats - a series of steps leading down to a body of water, particularly a holy river Deccan Plateau-large plateau in India, making up most of the southern part of the country. Thar Desert-Thar Desert is the world's seventh largest desert in NW India New Delhi – -capital of the Republic of India, and the seat of executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the Government of India. Islands - Andaman - archipelagic islands [chain of islands] in the Bay of Bengal Nicobar - archipelagic island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean . They are located in Southeast Asia, Geographical Information

5. Ancient India – Present Day Pakistan Hindu Kush Mts Indus River Himalayas – Mts. * New Delhi Thar Desert Ganges River Deccan Plataeu Andaman Island GHATS GHATS Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Nicobar Island Indian Ocean

6. Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, Indus River, Ganges River, Himalayas, Hindu Kush Mts. Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, North, South, East, West, Nepal

7. Have you ever gone on a hike or a walk? • If a river ran across the path you were on and there was no bridge, what would you do? What if it was a really big, deep fast moving river? • Have you ever been in a desert? • What is something you must bring with you in the desert? • How does a person get across a desert? • How about mountain climbing? • How do you cross a mountain range? Rivers, deserts, mountains, and seas are all called what? NATURAL BARRIERS

8. Geography • East of the Fertile Crescent • India’s peninsula called a subcontinent: large landmass that juts out from a continent • Indus River Valley: located b/w 2 mountain chains – Himalayas and the Hindu Kush – Today it’sPakistan. • India experiences monsoons – strong winds that blow across the region at certain times of the year.

9. Geography …cont’d • Himalayas– natural barrier b/w India and Asia – 1, 500 miles long – highest and youngest • Indus River– formed from streams of melting snow in the spring on the Hindu Kush & Himalayas, river flows south • Valley had fertile plain from silt and overflowing rivers - this attracted the Aryans who were a tribe of Indo-European-speaking, horse-riding nomads - from Mesopotamia.

10. Had fertile land TRIBUTARIES:small rivers that flow into a larger river Use irrigation Grow fruits, wheat, rice First to growCOTTON!!! Farming Economy

11. Virtual Tour of the Great Baths in Harappa • http://www.mohenjodaro.net/index.html

12. Two cities:Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa-existed along the same time as ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia In 1920, discovered by RXR builders DISCOVERIES: Jewels, bowls, vases, mirrors, fishhooks, stone seals w/ animal drawings on them [animals they worshipped] What can you infer [conclude] about these people? They were highly skilled and they traded. Ancient Civilization

13. Citadels

14. Citadel • Citadel was a fortress– center of city – used for religious and gov’t purposes • Taller than a ziggurat-temples of Mesopotamia • Used to protect the people of the Indus River Valley b/c they didn’t have any city walls. • Mohenjo-Daro – “Mound of the Dead” • Well-planned city – no other city had ever been on that site [EX: Washington DC] • Had indoor plumbing, sewers, andconstructed the citadel

15. Section 2Hinduism and Ancient India • reincarnation-rebirth of the soul • dharma-the religious or moral duties of each person • Ahimsa-belief in nonviolence

16. A Blend of Religions • Hinduism- one of the world’s major religions • A way of life for more than 850 million people in India • People were polytheists

17. Hindu Gods • Three most important are: • Brahma– the Creator • Vishnu – the Preserver • Shiva – the Destroyer • The gods take on many different forms calledAVATAR– where a god will be represented as a human or animal

18. Section 3 - Buddhism • Key Terms • Meditate • Nirvana • Missionaries– people who spread their religious beliefs to others

19. The Buddha and his Teachings • Believed inmeditation– to focus the mind inward in order to find spiritual awareness • Buddha:“Selfish desires cause human suffering.”

20. Release from Reincarnation • In order to be released from the cycle of reincarnation, a person must reachnirvana – lasting peace. • How? • Tell the truth • Avoid violence and killings • Treat people fairly

21. Mrs. Shrestha at her engagement party. She changed into the sari in the middle of the party. She was married this past June 2010 to a man from Nepal.

22. Chapter 5 Ancient China

23. North, South, East, West, Himalayas, Chang “Yangzte” River, Huang “Yellow” River, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, North China Plain, Beijing, Great Wall of China, Mongolia, Plateau of Tibet, Nepal, Russia

25. There are many parts to the Great Wall and different emperor's had different parts built. The total time span was many centuries. The first parts were completed about 200 BCE and the last parts were added over 200 years during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). There is no exact amount of years on the building of a large project such as the Great Wall of China. Some of it was built over 2000 years ago, several parts were added or substantially re-built over several centuries. The most recent rebuilding was about 500 years ago, except for those parts rebuilt very recently to aid tourism. Michael and Conor at the Great Wall

26. Geography • region: Northeast/ Eastern China= best farmland HUANG[Yellow]RIVER VALLEY –begins in a vastplateau: area of flat land raised above surrounding land It broughtloess[“luss”]– yellow-brown soil

27. Geography – cont’d • “China’s Sorrow”– bad flooding every 25 years- washes crops away and kills many • Early Chinese built dikes – a protective wall to hold back the waters. • It wasn’t the ideal place for a civilization.

28. SHANG DYNASTY • Dynasty= line of rulers who belong to the same family and pass control from one generation to the next • First writings and horse-drawn carriages, and bronze work • Lasted 600 yrs • An Oracle-a special priest who is believed to receive messages from the gods. • They would write a question on the shoulder blade bone of a pig and heat it. The way the bone cracked was believed to be the answer from the gods. • *Emperors often used oracles to help them make important decisions.

29. Family • May contain 5 generations living together. • Extended Family– closely related people • Oldest male in charge …final approval- he decided who his children would marry • Elders most respected- when they die – all the land is divided to his sons • Spirit of ANCESTORS important –shrines were built to honor them when they passed. • Some boys went to scribe school and wrote in many Chinese characters 萬里長

30. Women’s Role- Mulan Story • Lower status than men • Women were bound by three obediences: • Obey their fathers in youth • Obey their husbands in marriage • Obey their sons in widowhood • Four virtues –QUALITIES- which also guided women: • 1. Morality- doing what is right, • 2. Modesty -respecting their bodies and self • 3.proper speech • 4.domestic skills -household chores

31. Confucius • Scholar and teacher born when China was in chaos • Believes in mutual respect • If people would treat others properly then order and peace would result.

32. About Civil Service • Police, Army, Jobs in various branches of government departments, your policeman, your firemen, some school positions: lunch, clerical

33. Influence of Confucius • The teaching of Confucius had major effects on the Chinese gov’t. • His belief became the basis for - • Civil Service - is the group of people who carry out the work of the gov’t. • A Merit System – a job was given to a person based on his qualification – not b/c he was the son of a gov’t official. • Candidates had to pass official tests

34. Arts: Silk weaving Bronze work Poetry Architecture Jade carvings Great Wall- 4,160 miles long, Qin Shin Dynasty, then the Ming Dynasty Medicine Acupuncture – a treatment to treat disease w/ needles Herbal remedies Technology Paper Iron plow Rudder Wheelbarrow compass Achievements:

35. 1 “ee” 2 “ ur ” 3 “ san ” 4 “ szi ” [si] 5 “ooo” 6 “ leeoh ” 7 “ chee ” 8 “ bah ” 9 “ g-oe” 10 “ sher ” Let’s learn to count in Chinese a real Chinese womanhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GD77sfgCRJI

36. It’s Noodle Day • Cold Sesame Noodles by Chef Klein- recipe available upon request • Using Chopsticks • Chopsticks with Fortunes • Counting to ten in Madarin

38. China’s New YearModern day China Chinese Zodiac

39. Character Traits & Years • Rat:charming, successful, hardworking (2008,1996,1984,1972,1960) • Ox:patient, quiet, good listener (2009, 1997, 1985, 1973, 1961) • Tiger:courageous, aggressive, adventurous (2010, 1998, 1986, 1974, 1962) • Rabbit: trustworthy, talented, well-mannered (1999, 1987, 1975, 1963) • Dragon: powerful, energetic, confident (2000, 1988, 1976, 1964) • Snake: charming, mysterious, passionate (2001, 1989, 1977, 1965)

40. Character Traits & Years [cont'd] • Horse: cheerful, independent, skillful (2002, 1990, 1978, 1966) • Sheep:elegant, compassionate, kind-spirited (2003, 1991, 1979, 1967) • Monkey: mischievous, successful, adventurous (2004,1992,1980,1968) • Rooster: determined, busy, talented (2005, 1993, 1981, 1969) • Dog: honest, loyal, charismatic (2006, 1994, 1982, 1970) • Pig:studious, quiet, affectionate (2007, 1995, 1983, 1971)