Paragliding Club Pilot Theory Draft 4

1. Paragliding Club Pilot TheoryDraft 4 • Air Law • Principles of Flight • Meterology • Airmanship

2. Club Pilot - Air Law • Aircraft Safety • Collision avoidance • When and where to fly. • Airspace • Prohibited and dangerous areas • Prohibited and dangerous activities • Common sense rules!

3. Club Pilot - Air Law • ‘8 hours from bottle to throttle.’ • Officially 1/2 drink-drive limit

4. Club Pilot - Air Law • Notam - Notice to Airmen. • Ring to find out about airspace restrictions and other flying activities. • Tel: 0500 354802

5. Club Pilot - Air Law • Civil Advance Notification Procedure (CANP). • Notify other air users of your presence. • Notice appears on flight crew briefing boards approx. 4 hours after call. • Give site name, grid ref., expected time of activity. • Tel: 0800 515544

6. Club Pilot - Air Law • UK aviation law is defined in Air Navigation: The Order and the Regulations. • This presentation contains edited highlights useful to the club pilot. • For further edited highlights see The BHPA Pilot Handbook.

7. Club Pilot - Air Law • Radios: • Radio must be type approved by CAA. • Glider owner or operator must have a station license. • The pilot must either: • Hold a flight radio-telephony license. • Or must use the following frequencies, with frequency changing not possible in flight : • 118.675 MHz, up to 5000 feet, PG & HG only. • 129.9, 129.95, 130.1, 130.125, 130.4 MHz, general sport aviation

8. Club Pilot - Air Law • Pre Flight Requirements: • Aircraft must be daily inspected (DI) & pre-flight checked. • The forecast weather conditions must be checked and confirmed acceptable for the safe conduct of your intended flight • All pilots and passengers must be in a fit state to complete the flight, ie not drunk etc.

9. Club Pilot - Air Law Rules of the air - collision avoidance CAP 12 - ALL PILOTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR NOT CRASHING! • Look • Then manoeuvre

10. Club Pilot - Air Law • Head on aircraft break right.

11. Club Pilot - Air Law Rules of the air - collision avoidance • Ridge on the right in the right AIRLAW SAYS HOLD YOUR COURSE (in practice move right as far as possible until constrained by the ridge.)

12. Club Pilot - Air Law • Overtake on the ridge side (don’t box in.)

13. Club Pilot - Air Law • In open air, overtake to the right.

14. Club Pilot - Air Law • Converging aircraft of the same class - on the right in the right, other to give way.

15. Club Pilot - Air Law • Converging aircraft, precedence: • Powered aircraft gives way to airships, gliders and balloons. • Airship gives way to gliders and balloons. • Glider gives way to balloons.

16. Club Pilot - Air Law • When landing give way to lower gliders.

17. Club Pilot - Air Law • Fly on the right of a ground feature when following it.

18. Club Pilot - Air Law • Built up areas: • You must not fly less than 1000 feet above the highest fixed object within 600 metres horizontally. • You must always be able to glide clear to a safe landing. 600m 1000 feet

19. Club Pilot - Air Law • You must not fly within 3000 feet of a gathering of more than 1000 people. 3000 feet

20. Club Pilot - Air Law • You must not fly within 500 feet of any person, vehicle, vessel or structure, unless taking off, landing or ridge soaring. 500 feet

21. Club Pilot - Air Law • You may only drop fine dry sand or water. Water Dry sand

22. Club Pilot - Air Law • Airspace • Temporary airspace no-go.

23. Club Pilot - Air Law • Airspace is shown on an air-map, typically: • 1:500 000 shows all airspace. • 1:250 000 shows airspace with a lower limit below 5000 feet or FL55, and we fly a lot higher than that. • However there are low level 1:500,000 maps available...

24. Club Pilot - Air Law • UK airspace is divided into categories: • Categories A to D: • No go without ATC clearance. • Category E: • You may enter providing you maintain VMC. • Categories F and G: • Not subject to ATC clearance. “Uncontrolled Airspace”. • Riddled with smaller hazards. • Look at an air map!

25. Club Pilot - Air Law • Visual Meteorological Conditions: • VMC (relaxed) under 3000' & less than 140 knots: Clear of Cloud & in sight of the ground & 1500m vis. • See the free CAA table for full definitions.

26. Club Pilot - Air Law • We fly during the day only: • Day: between 30 min before sunrise until 30 min after sunset, at ground level. • We are allowed to fly at night providing the correct lights are shown, but this is incredibly dangerous...

27. Club Pilot - Air Law • Airspace measurement: 4000 feet 5500 feet About FL55 Height above airfield Height above mean sea level Flight Level above 1013.25mb (over 3000’) 1013.25mb

28. Club Pilot - Air Law • Airspace measurement: • QFE Above field (take off or landing) • QNH Above actual sea level (airspace with base below 3000 feet) • QNE Standard pressure altitude (1013.25 mb) (for FL XX) (above 3000 feet) (goes up and down!!) • Rising 30 feet reduces pressure by 1 mb.

29. Club Pilot - Air Law • Aerodrome traffic zone (ATZ) 2 nautical mile radius, 2000 feet AGL high. If runway longer than 1800m then airspace 2.5 nm radius. no-go.

30. Club Pilot - Air Law • Military air traffic zone (MATZ) legal, but hazardous. • MATZ contains an ATZ.

31. Club Pilot - Air Law • Dimensions of a military air traffic zone (MATZ).

32. Club Pilot - Air Law • Areas of intense aerial activity (AIAA) legal but hazardous.

33. Club Pilot - Air Law • Danger areas no-go when active. • Serial number D011. • Ground to 10 000 feet • Occasionally up to 24 100 feet. • See the map key for times, contact numbers etc.

34. Club Pilot - Air Law • Prohibited areas no-go. • Serial number P106 • Ground to 2500 feet

35. Club Pilot - Air Law • Restricted areas no-go. • Serial number R104 • Ground to 2400 feet

36. Club Pilot - Air Law • Convention is to enter thermals in the same direction of rotation, from outside the circle (tail follow.) • Do not fly straight at the core. • On SHGC sites, thermal clockwise.

37. Club Pilot - Air Law • When thermalling, our convention is to give way to lower paragliders and hang gliders. • Sailplane convention is to give way to higher aircraft!

38. Club Pilot - Air Law Infringement of airspace could spoil it for everyone

39. Club Pilot - Principals of Flight Why does it fly? Why did it stop flying? How to get flying again? How fast to fly it?

40. Club Pilot - Principals of Flight Venturi effect Angle of attack At max glide, (max L/D) about 2/3 lift is due to the Venturi effect reducing the pressure above the wing.

41. Club Pilot - Principals of Flight Stalled aerofoil - Angle of attack too large

42. Club Pilot - Principals of Flight • Low pressure over wings • Wingtip vortices • Induced drag from wingtip vortices • Profile / Parasitic drag from clutter.

43. Club Pilot - Principals of Flight L/D = Glide ratio e.g. L/D = 9:1 = 9 metres forward for 1 metre down

44. Club Pilot - Principals of Flight Relative velocity

45. Club Pilot - Principals of Flight Polar curve • More weight = more vertical and horizontal speed. • More weight = same glide angle. • More weight = collapse resistance and dynamic recovery. Speed bar = low angle of attack = risk of collapse, dramatic recovery.

46. Club Pilot - Principals of Flight Homework - do this exercise for your glider.

47. Club Pilot - Principals of Flight Homework - do this exercise for your glider.

48. Club Pilot - Principals of Flight Homework - do this exercise for your glider.

49. Club Pilot - Principals of Flight Homework - do this exercise for your glider.

50. Club Pilot - Principals of Flight • Rapid descent techniques • Big ears, with speed bar. • Good for cloud escape, ideally with compass. • Reduced control. • Closer to stall, so not recommended near the ground. • B-line stall (note “stall”). • Spirals. • Pilot induced - progressive, with height. • Due to collapse / cravat - must be stopped.