The Chemistry of Life

1. The Chemistry of Life Organic Compounds

2. Section Outline Section 2-3 • 2–3 Carbon Compounds A. The Chemistry of Carbon B. Macromolecules C. Carbohydrates D. Lipids E. Nucleic Acids F. Proteins

3. Essential Questions • What makes a compound Organic? • Why is carbon able to make large compound from relatively few elements? • What are the four classes of Organic compounds? • What are carbohydrates, and how can you identify them, why are they important to living things? • Examples of Proteins include…., what makes up a protein, chemically how are they different from carbohydrates? • What are lipids, how can you identify a lipid from other organic compounds, why are they important to living things? • What are two examples of nucleic acids, why are they important to living things? • What are enzymes made up of typically, what is their purpose in living organisms, what factors influence how they work?

4. Chemistry of Carbon • ORGANIC COMPOUNDS contain CARBON ATOMS • Carbon can combine with itself and typically the atoms H, O, and N. • Carbon allows for chemical and structural variety because it has four valence electrons (available bonding positions) e 6 e C C e e Carbon e 12.011 e

5. Section 2-3 Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds Carbon also covalently bonds to other carbon atoms to form chains, branched chains, and rings (see figure 3-2) Most organic molecules are represented by Structural Formulas: Methane Butadiene Benzene Acetylene Isooctane CH4 C2H2 C4H6 C6H6 C8H18 Carbon can Share Two or even Three Pair of Electrons with another Atom (Figure 3-2)     A. SINGLE BOND - A bond formed when two atoms share ONE pair of electrons.     B. DOUBLE BOND - Atoms share TWO pairs of electrons.     C. TRIPLE BOND - Atoms Sharing THREE pairs of elements.

6. Large Carbon Molecules • Carbon Compounds are often made from combining smaller molecules • Small single molecules are called Monomers (MONO=1) • When two or more Monomers are combined complex molecules known as Polymers can be made • Large Polymers are called Macromolecules http://www.hippocampus.org/course_locator?course=AP Biology I&lesson=6&topic=1&width=600&height=454&topicTitle=Macromolecules%3A%20Overview&skinPath=http://www.hippocampus.org/hippocampus.skins/default

7. Monomers Vs. Polymers Monomer Polymer

8. Macromolecules • Monomers can link to other monomers to form polymers through a Chemical Reactions called Polymerization • Polymerization joins small molecules (monomers) together by removing H+ and OH- to form water molecule • This is known as a Condensation (Dehydration) Reaction

9. Breaking Down Polymers • The addition of WATER and ENZYMES to some polymers can break the bonds that hold them together • Macromolecules can be broken down by a process known as Hydrolysis –the reverse of Condensation/dehydration

10. Four main classes of Organic Compounds are essential to the life processes of All Living Things: : 1. Carbohydrates (Sugars and Starches) 2. Lipids (fats) 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) These Compound are built from Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, atoms. These atoms occur in different Ratios in each class of Compound. 

11. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Sugars Fatty acids Amino Acids Nucleotides Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, Phosphorous Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, Concept Map Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds include that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of which contain which contain which contain which contain

12. Go to program 2 CARBOHYDRATES • The cells of the human body obtain most of their ENERGY from CARBOHYDRATES. • CARBOHYDRATES ARE COMPOUNDS MADE OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN • In a ratio of ONE CARBON, to TWO HYDROGENS, to ONE OXYGEN atom.  Ratio=C1H2O1 Examples: C6H12O6 Examples of Carbohydrates: • Sugars, Starches, Cellulose, and Chitin • Complex Carbohydrates like Cellulose and Chitin are Polymers of simple carbohydrates like Sugars • Complex carbohydrates are often used for strength and rigidity in plant and animals

13. Types of Carbohydrates There are THREE TYPES of carbohydrates, based on complexity Monosaccharides (one sugar) SINGLE SUGARS (Simple Sugar) SUCH AS GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE, A SUGAR FOUND IN MILK,  AND FRUCTOSE, A SUGAR FOUND IN FRUITS. (C6 H12 O6). Disaccharides (two sugars) Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide Polysaccharide (many sugars) CARBOHYDRATE MADE OF LONG CHAINS OF SUGARS Starches, (such as those in BREAD, PASTA, AND POTATOES) Cellulose and Chitin

14. Figure 2-13 Starch-a Polysaccharide Section 2-3 Starch SUGAR SUGAR SUGAR SUGAR SUGAR Glucose Examples; Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen consist of hundreds of Glucose Molecules strung together in a highly branched chain.

15. Go to program 4 PROTEINS • Proteins are Organic Compounds composed of C,H,O,N • PROTEINS ARE THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR THE BODY PARTS SUCH AS MUSCLES, SKIN, HAIR, TEETH, NAILS, AND BLOOD. • They also help with immunity, and are the components of antibodies, hormones, and pigments • Our cells need proteins to make other proteins, such as ENZYMES. • Proteins are polymers made up of smaller units called AMINO ACIDS.  (The Monomer Building Blocks of Protein). • Our bodies contain thousands of different proteins.  All these proteins are made from about 20 Different Amino Acids. • Amino Acids Differ ONLY in the type of R Group they Carry.  • The difference among the Amino Acid R Groups gives different Proteins Very Different Shapes

16. Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Section 2-3 Carboxyl group Amino group General structure Alanine Serine Two Amino Acids form a Covalent Bond, called a PEPTIDE BONDduring a Dehydration/Condensation Reaction Two or more Amino Acids can join together, forming a long chain called a POLYPEPTIDE

17. Figure 2-17 A Protein Section 2-3 Amino acids Proteins are compose of one or more polypeptides. Some proteins are very large molecules, containing hundreds of Amino Acids.

18. Proteins as Enzymes • ENZYMES- Protein molecules that control Chemical Reactions (catalysts) • Chemical reactions release or absorb energy when bonds between atoms are broken Enzymes work like a lock and key. The enzyme binds to a SUBSTRATE (the reactant being catalyzed) and releases the bonds that hold it together VIDEO on ENZYMES

19. Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions Section 2-4 Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants Reactants Products Catalysts speed up chemical reactions and aide in the breaking down of large polymers and macromolecules by lowering activation energy needed for reactions to occur. The reaction speed and activity of enzymes is influenced by three things: PH, TEMPERATURE, and the CONCENTRATION of ENZYMES and SUBSTRATE.

20. Go to program 3 LIPIDS • Lipids are Large, Nonpolar Organic Molecules that DO NOT Dissolve in Water (hydrophobic). • They have Large Numbers of Carbon to Hydrogen Bonds, which store More Energy than Carbon to Oxygen Bonds. • Lipid molecules have a HIGHER Ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen then carbohydrates (>2:1) • Examples of Lipids: Fats, Oils, and Waxes

21. FATTY ACIDS • FATTY ACIDS are Unbalanced Carbon Chains that make up most Lipids. (Fatty acids are the monomers of lipids) • Fats with DOUBLE bonds are called UNSATURATED FAT and are LIQUIDS at room temperature. Referred to as OILS • SATURATED FATS have no double bonds so they have the maximum # of HYDROGENS ATOMS • Saturated fats are SOLID at room temperature. Fatty acid Tri-glyceride Fatty acid Fatty acid

22. Phospholipidsare a kind of Lipid that consists of TWO FATTY ACIDS (TAILS), and PHOSPHATE GROUP (HEADS). The “heads” are Polar and are ‘hydrophilic” The “tails” are Non polar and are “hydrophobic” Phospholipid Phospholipids will orient themselves in water into a bilayer with the tails facing inward and the heads facing outward Phospholipids are the primary structure that make up our cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer) Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Waxes are three important CLASSES of lipids that are important to LIVING THINGS

23. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic Acids are very Large and Complex Organic Molecules that STORE Important Information in the Cell. • Nucleic acids are made up of C,H,O, N, P • Examples of nucleic acids include: • DNA (contains information for cell activities) • RNA (stores and transfers information for making proteins) • Both DNA and RNA are Polymers, composed of thousands of linked Monomers called NUCLEOTIDES.

24. DNA AND RNA • Each NUCLEOTIDE is made of : A PHOSPHATE GROUP, A FIVE-CARBON SUGAR, AND A RING SHAPED NITROGEN BASE (Genetic or Heredity Information) is stored in four types of nitrogen bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

25. Chromosome Gene nucleotide