Case Study MICR 410 - Hematology Spring, 2011

1. Case Study MICR 410 - HematologySpring, 2011 Case # 6 Monique Quiroz Mike Pehl Andrew Ho

2. Case Summary John, a 52-year-old man with hyperuricemia, was seen at the clinic for follow-up evaluation for splenomegaly. His palpable spleen, noted 18 months earlier, had been gradually enlarging. Originally he denied fatigue, fever, and discomfort. He was examined and a CBC was ordered. The results revealed leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and anemia. Physical examination revealed a slightly enlarged liver and palpable spleen. Blood counts showed: Hb: 11.6 g/dL MCV = 97 fl Normocytic Hct: 35% MCHC = 33 Normochromic RBC: 3.6 x1012/L Low WBC: 26.2 x109/L High Platlets: 853 x106/L High The blood cell differential showed marked anisocytosis, poikilocytosis with many teardrops, and numerous nucleated RBCs. Immature myeloid cells were found and large platelets. During subsequent visits John complained of fatigue, bone pain, abdominal pain and discomfort.

3. Diagnostic Tests Bone marrow biopsy -moderate to marked hyperplasia, clusters of platelets, abnormal megakaryocyte morphology, and fibrotic marrow spaces -dry tap Cytogenetic analysis -trisomy 8

4. Key Information Pointing to Diagnosis Physical Examination Splenomegaly Bone Pain Weakness/fatigue Peripheral blood smear Immature myeloid cells Large platelets Anisocytosis Poikilocytosis with many teardrops Nucleated RBCs • Bone marrow biopsy • Dry tap • Fibrotic marrow spaces • Marked hyperplasia • Clusters of platelets • Abnormal megakaryocyte morphology • Cytogenetic Testing • Trisomy 8

5. What caused the splenomegaly? Note: His abdominal pain is most likely a result of both the extramedullary hematopoiesis occuring in the kidneys, liver, and spleen, as well as thrombosis of the vasculature associated with the gastroinstestinal tract. Extramedullary hematopoiesis Culling of the teardrop RBC and immature cells

6. The Diagnosis Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia = MMM Middle aged Anemia Hepatosplenomegaly Leukocytosis Thrombocytosis Bizarre, functional platelets Hypercellular bone marrow Fibrotic marrow spaces Hyperplasia Clusters of platlets Abnormal megakaryocytes

7. Pathophysiology of Disease MMM • Change in hematopoeitic precursor cells • Increased hematopoesis • Teardrop RBC as they squeeze out of the bone marrow • Hypercellularity of bone marrow • Associated bone pain and osteosclerosis • Extramedullary hematopoesis • Splenomegaly • Fibrosis of bone marrow • Anemia

8. Therapy and Prognosis for Disease MMM • Therapy • Immunosupressive therapy • Slow down rapidly dividing hematopoetic cells • Surgery for splenomegaly • Blood transfusions • Oral chemotherapy or low dose radiation • Attack rapidly dividing hematopoetic cells • Bone Marrow Transplant • Prognosis • Can terminate in acute mylocytic leukemia = AML

9. Prevention of Disease MMM Disease is idiopathic, so it is difficult to determine how to prevent it Unfortunately patient shows genetic predisposition, so only preventative measures would be to avoid known carcinogens and have frequent blood analysis

10. Take Home Message The diagnosis is myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (extramedullary hematopoiesis) Typical symptoms are hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, bone pain. The cause of the disease is idiopathic. Diagnostic tests include bone marrow biopsy and cytogenetics. Treatment is supportive care, immunosuppressive therapy, and eventually a bone marrow transplant. Prognosis is eventual progression to lethal AML. Prevention is nonexistant.

11. References Mayo Clinic : Myelofibrosis Resource. http://www.mayoclinic.org/myelofibrosis/ Harmening, D.M. Clinical Hematology and Fundamentals of Hemostasis. 5th Edition. Philadelphia, PA. F.A. Davis Company. 2009. McQueen, N. (2011, May). Lecture 13. Neoplastic Disorders of the Bone Marrow. Micr 410. CSULA.