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II. The Living Planet A. The Earth System

II. The Living Planet A. The Earth System. A. The Earth System. INPUTS. BOUNDARY. OUTPUTS. MATTER. ENERGY. ENERGY. First and second laws????. WHAT PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH MIGHT WE USE TO FIGURE OUT HOW THIS SYSTEM WORKS???.

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II. The Living Planet A. The Earth System

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  1. II. The Living Planet A. The Earth System

  2. A. The Earth System INPUTS BOUNDARY OUTPUTS MATTER ENERGY ENERGY First and second laws????

  3. WHAT PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH MIGHT WE USE TO FIGURE OUT HOW THIS SYSTEM WORKS???

  4. ...reductionism... define, describe, and understand the subsystems INPUTS BOUNDARY OUTPUTS MATTER ATMOSPHERE ENERGY ENERGY LITHOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE

  5. A. The Earth System 1. Lithosphere crust - dynamic mobile tectonic plates; vulcanism upper mantle

  6. A. The Earth System 1. Lithosphere Why and how is the lithosphere important to life?

  7. A. The Earth System 1. Lithosphere • Why and how is the lithosphere important to life? • Source of inorganic nutrients (P, K, Na, Ca) • 2) Movements of plates explain the distribution of life forms. Marsupials evolved in the southern hemisphere and radiated across the supercontinent before separation of the land masses.

  8. A. The Earth System 2. Atmosphere 78% Nitrogen Gas (N2) 21% Oxygen Gas (O2) 1% traces of: Noble Gases Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Hydrogen Gas (H2) Methane (CH4) water vapor (H2O)

  9. A. The Earth System 2. Atmosphere How is this important to life?

  10. A. The Earth System 2. Atmosphere How is this important to life? 1) Source of inorganic nutrients (N, O2)

  11. A. The Earth System 3. Hydrosphere - 98% liquid water - Ocean: 97% (1.35 billion km3) 3.5% dissolved salts by volume - Freshwater: 3% (48 million km3) Ice: 2/3 (33 million km3) Groundwater: 1/3 (15.3 km3) Soil: trace (122,000 km3) Rivers/Lakes: trace (40,000 km3) Air: trace (13,000 km3)

  12. A. The Earth System 3. Hydrosphere - 98% liquid water How is this important to life?

  13. A. The Earth System 3. Hydrosphere - 98% liquid water How is this important to life? 1) It is the environment of life – reactions between soluble compounds occur readily in liquid water… and more in a moment.

  14. WHAT OTHER PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH COULD WE USE TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE EARTH SYSTEM IS "TYPICAL"?

  15. II. The Living Planet B. Comparing Earth, Venus, and Mars

  16. Atmospheric Composition Venus and Mars are fairly similar. But where did all Earth's CO2 go? And where did all the O2 come from????

  17. II. The Living Planet B. Comparing Earth, Venus, and Mars 1. Liquid water has changed our planet: - takes CO2 out of atmosphere (dissolution) - erodes lithosphere the two thingsput carbon and mineral nutrients into solution, where they can react with one another, and be taken up by....

  18. Carbon-Based Life Forms!!

  19. II. The Living Planet B. Comparing Earth, Venus, and Mars 2. LIFE CHANGES OUR PLANET - increases rates of flux between other subsystems (evapotranspiration, nutrient uptake, respiration) - Changes the composition of subsystems - Life transports CO2 from the atmosphere to living tissues or its products (Calcium Carbonate shells), which settle in sedimentary strata of carbonaceous rocks (limestone and derivatives) and fossil deposits (oil, gas).

  20. White cliffs of Dover Coccolith - a phytoplankton

  21. II. The Living Planet B. Comparing Earth, Venus, and Mars 2. LIFE CHANGES OUR PLANET - increases rates of flux between other subsystems (evapotranspiration, nutrient uptake, respiration) - Changes the composition of subsystems - Life transports CO2 from the atmosphere to living tissue or its products (shells), which settles in sedimentary strata of carbonaceous rocks (limestone and derivatives) and fossil deposits (oil, gas). - Photosynthesis releases O2. That is where ALL of the Earth's oxygen gas has come from.

  22. A. The Earth System 3. Interactions (fluxes) Evaporation ATMOSPHERE Volcanic gases, Particulates Precipitation Sedimentation LITHOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE Erosion

  23. A. The Earth System 3. Interactions (fluxes) Evaporation ATMOSPHERE Volcanic gases, Particulates BIOSPHERE Precipitation Sedimentation LITHOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE Erosion

  24. I. WHAT IS LIFE? II. The Living Planet A. The Earth System B. Conclusions - The current conditions on the Earth that support human life and culture are produced by the dynamic interplay of the earth subsystems - the BIOSPHERE IS CRITICAL HERE. - Change the subsystems and alter the dynamics. - Will future conditions support human life.....?

  25. III. What is Ecology? A. Definitions:

  26. III. What is Ecology? A. Definitions: Ricklefs - “The study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their environment”

  27. III. What is Ecology? A. Definitions: B. Biological Scales

  28. III. What is Ecology? A. Definitions: B. Biological Scales C. Ecological Roles Primary Producers fix energy in sunlight and build/absorb organic molecules….some bacteria, some protists, and plants. Decomposers eat dead material and release nutrients to the soil. Bacteria and fungi. Consumers eat primary producers, decomposers, and other consumers as herbivores, detritivores, predators, and parasites… some bacteria, some protists, and animals.

  29. III. What is Ecology? A. Definitions: B. Biological Scales C. Ecological Roles D. Effect: Distribution and abundance

  30. Distribution and abundance across space

  31. Distribution and abundance through time TIME

  32. IV. Why is it Important?

  33. IV. Why is it Important? A. Pragmatic Reasons

  34. IV. Why is it Important? A. Pragmatic Reasons

  35. Human Ecology: - distribution...

  36. Human Ecology: - distribution...

  37. Human Ecology: - distribution...

  38. Human Ecology: - distribution...

  39. Human Ecology: - distribution...

  40. Human Ecology: - distribution... and abundance...

  41. Human Ecology: - distribution... and abundance... Born 1928 (3.5x) Born 1960 (2.1x) Born 1987 (1.5x)

  42. Humans affect 83% of the land surface area on the planet

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