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What is

Research Methods. AIM: What is Science?. What is . Science. Research Methods. AIM: What is Science?. What do we think . we know and why do we think we know it. Research Methods. AIM: What is Science?. ?. Will it . fall. Research Methods. AIM: What is Science?. ?. Can you PROVE.

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What is

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  1. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? What is Science

  2. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? What do we think we know and why do we think we know it

  3. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? ? Will it fall

  4. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? ? Can you PROVE it

  5. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Levels of Uncertainty

  6. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? ? Can you prove that I am standing here

  7. Research Methods AIM: What is Science?

  8. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? ? Can you prove that I am standing here

  9. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? How do we get as close to the truth as possible?

  10. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? The scientific method

  11. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Fig. 1.3A

  12. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Fig. 1.3A

  13. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Fig. 1.3A

  14. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? We are always doing science…

  15. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? The Earth sure looks flat…

  16. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Tentative and Fallible

  17. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Conclusions Scientific finding are tentative and can be incorrect

  18. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Conclusions The more data we collect to support a hypothesis, The less uncertain we are about its correctness.

  19. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Conclusions Because the level of uncertainty can NEVER be zero We can never be certain of anything and therefore…

  20. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Conclusions we don’t know anything for sure and what we do know might not be true!

  21. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Graph level of uncertainty vs. observable data

  22. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

  23. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? DOUBT! The greatest tool of the scientist: (There can always be another explanation) The job of the scientist: To make observations that break or add to the current hypotheses/theories getting us one step closer to the… TRUTH

  24. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? ? So is this class really about science

  25. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? GOD and Science

  26. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Basic vs. Applied Research

  27. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Quotes concerning basic research 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

  28. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? What do scientists do with their results? Fig. 1.3A

  29. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary scientific literature

  30. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Primary literature 1. Articles that present NEW data 2. Contains personal views of experimenters about the data 3. Are Peer reviewed

  31. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Primary literature general format 1. Title 2. Abstract (summary) 3. Introduction (Background) 4. Material and Methods 5. Results 6. Discussion 7. Conclusion 8. Acknowledgements 9. References (citations)

  32. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? The process to get published

  33. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? The author list and the order of the authors, what does it mean?

  34. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? If you found one paper, you really found dozens….

  35. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? How to get into a summer lab… Guest speaker? Student who has done this.

  36. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? The process to become a professor/scientist

  37. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? The hierarchy of scientific journals and impact factors

  38. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Getting funding – Grants, grants, grants “Publish or perish”

  39. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Secondary literature 1. Derived from primary literature Ex. Reviews, textbooks 2. NOT Peer reviewed – less reliable

  40. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Tertiary literature 1. Derived from primary literature and secondary literature Ex. Reference books 2. NOT Peer reviewed

  41. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Ranking of source reliability 1. primary articles in journals/periodicals (e.g., Nature, Science, Evolution, Cell) 2. primary articles in books 3. review articles in journals/periodicals 4. book chapters 5. textbooks 6. articles in popular-press periodicals (e.g., Natural History, Scientific American) 7. articles in magazines (e.g., Vogue) 8. newspaper articles 9. laboratory manuals 10. product manuals 11. brochures 12. lecture notes 13. personal communications (e-mail, telephone, etc.) with scientists 14. web sites, rumors, hearsay, voices in your head 15. outright fabrications

  42. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? How do we find primary/secondary journal articles? 1. Electronic Databases 2. Searching in a specific journal 3. Use citations from another paper

  43. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Obtaining articles: 1. Check if the online journal offers free articles If not… 2. Interlibrary loan system

  44. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? How to use the Interlibrary loan system: 1. Print out ONLY the abstract of the article with volume/issue information (1 page)

  45. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? How to use the Interlibrary loan system: 2. Put your full name and period on the print out 3. Bring to DrT for approval signature 4. Turn in to Mr. Reader (Librarian) DO NOT BUY ARTICLES!!

  46. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Citing sources…why? 1. It is someone else’s intellectual property 2. It lends credibility to your work 3. Enables readers to locate your information sources

  47. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Citing sources…what? Whenever you use someone else’s intellectual property: * Exact words (quoting) * Paraphrasing * Concepts and ideas * Facts that are not common knowledge * Pictures, photos, poems, cartoons, or other artwork you did not create yourself

  48. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Citing sources…kinds of sources? * Books * Articles (from print sources or from online article databases) * Interviews * E-mail or any other correspondence * Web pages * Government documents * Non-print media (videotapes, audiotapes, pictures and images) * Software or any digital formats

  49. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? Citing sources…how? We will use the APA (American Psychological Association) format in research methods Example in text citation: It has been shown that apes do not actually understand the syntax and structure of ASL (Smith, 1994, p. 345). Example reference: Smith, J.A. (1994). Finding ways to overcome college stress. Stress Reliever, 24, 12-16.

  50. Research Methods AIM: What is Science? What about Wikipedia?

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