Overview

1. The process of household replacement and its impact on expandingpoverty concentrations:The exploratory case of Los Angeles

2. Overview • Contemporary Relevance • Project Objective • Relation of the project to current state of knowledge • Data • Methodology • Broader Impacts

3. Poverty Concentration:Percent of Persons Below the Poverty Level 2000 Source: American Factfinder: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3, Matrix P87.

4. Immigration:Percent Foreign-Born Who Entered 1990 to 2000 Source: American Factfinder: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3, Matrix P87.

5. Poverty Concentration Immigration Source: American Factfinder: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3, Matrix P87.

6. A Theory of Household Replacement That Affects the Poverty Concentration Trajectory • Project Objective: Develop Theoretical Components of the Spatial Intersection of Poverty Concentration and Immigration • Determine the characteristics of the local areas where immigration is involved in increased poverty concentration • Also determine the explanatory factors regarding why it occurs in these local areas • Why Los Angeles?

7. A Single Process? • A bigger research agenda • Connected to the dis-aggregation of the poverty concentration processes • The works by Jargowsky, Frey, and Clark imply a single process • Instead, there are five processes that can maintain or increase poverty concentration

8. The Dis-aggregation of poverty concentration • Five distinct processes working in varied intensities • The poor stay poor • The non-poor become poor • A poor household replaces a poor household • An out-migrating non-poor household is not replaced • A poor household replaces a non-poor household

9. Focus on Process Five • The proposed project would focus on the fifth of the previous processes • Given the contemporary relevance of immigration, the first step is the analysis of the impact of immigration. • A poor immigrant household replaces a non-poor household

10. Relevant Work Performed • Poverty Concentration • Out-migration of middle-income black households (Wilson) • Spatial mismatch between low-skilled labor and low-skilled employment (Kasarda) • Racial discrimination as a spatial sorting process (Massey and Denton) • Immigration • Family re-unification resulting from IRCA 1986 (Clark) • Immigrant division of labor (Waldinger) • Event history modelling (Blossfield and Rohwer)

11. Data • Assessing Household Movement • U.S. Bureau of the Census • Public Use Microdata Samples • Census 2000 Summary File 3 – Sample Data • Immigration and Naturalization Service • Immigrant migratory movements • Internal Revenue Service • Location of tax return filings • Assessing Levels of Poverty Concentration • Los Angeles County Public School System • Applications for subsidized meals • Panel Study of Income Dynamics • Income figures as well as Year moved in/out

12. Methodology • Identfication of Neighborhoods Experiencing Household replacement process of interest to study • Out-migrating non-poor households • In-migrating poor immigrant households • Threshold for poverty concentration (Poverty level adjusted for local cost-of-living) • Dependencies between neighborhood poverty and spatially relevant independent variables • Principal components analysis for theoretical constructs • OLS regression

13. Broader Impacts • Intellectual • Local area impacts of immigration • Improve understanding of importance that non-poverty household migration plays in poverty concentration • Social • Avoid local area depression into the “culture of poverty”. • Loss of human capital • Detrimental affects on youth living in poverty • Diminish processes that marginalize and isolate