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Ecology: Chapters 31 and 32

Ecology: Chapters 31 and 32. Ecological Definitions. Ecology - the study of the interactions between organisms and the environment. Interactions (or factors) determine the abundance and distribution of organisms. Distribution - the size, shape, and location that a population occupies.

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Ecology: Chapters 31 and 32

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  1. Ecology: Chapters 31 and 32

  2. Ecological Definitions • Ecology- the study of the interactions between organisms and the environment. • Interactions (or factors) determine the abundance and distribution of organisms. • Distribution- the size, shape, and location that a population occupies. • Abundance- the number of individuals in a given area and their density.

  3. Ecology Deals with 4 Levels • Individual- a single organism. • Population- a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area. • Community- all the organisms inhabiting a common environment and interacting with one another. • Ecosystem- a community and its physical environment.

  4. Plant Communities • Coastal Sage Scrub= CSCR (Little summer heat), 12-25 inches of precipitation. • Summer fog/overcast is common. Summer temperatures from 80-100°F. Winter temperatures drop to 27-30°F. • Common Plants • Buckwheat (Eriogonum spp., notably E. fasciculatum), California Lilac (Ceanothus spp.), Manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.), Monkey flowers (Diplacus spp., the drought tolerant types), Gooseberry and Currant (Ribes spp.), Coyote Brush (Baccharis spp.). • Soil and climate notes • A mixture of diverse soils, from acidic sand on hard pan (Manzanita country) to alkaline clays (largely converted to annual weeds).

  5. Ecosystem- a community and its physical environment. • Biome- the major regional ecosystems.

  6. Abiotic and Biotic Factors • Abiotic- characterized by the absence of life; physical. • Precipitation • Temperature • Nutrients • Light • Soil type- ph, texture, gas exchange, salinity, leaching. • Wind • Biotic- of or relating to life; biological. • Competition- space, substrate, light, nutrients. • Herbivory

  7. Latitude

  8. Elevation

  9. Plants are associated with gradients of environmental factors- Moisture with Elevation

  10. Principle of Competitive Exclusion

  11. Plant to Plant Interactions

  12. Plant-Herbivore Interactions

  13. Succession • Succession- the predictable process of recovery after disturbance. • Primary succession- the initial colonization of barren soil or bedrock by pioneer species (lichens, mosses, ferns, herbaceous plants). • Secondary succession- the changes in the plants and animals that live in a community after the initial colonization.

  14. r-selected Colonizers on newly-cleared surfaces. Life history- ephemerals, annuals, simple veg. life history. Size- small. Growth- rapid. Reproduction- high output, many offspring, low cost/unit. Energy storage- uniform throughout. K-selected Invade pioneer communities on predicatable basis. Life History- complex, perennials, seasonal reproduction. Size- large. Growth- slow. Reproduction- low output, few offspring, high cost/unit. Energy storage- differentially distributed. Opportunistic vs. Late Successional Forms

  15. Population Growth

  16. Population Explosions

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