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ANTHROPOLOGY

ANTHROPOLOGY. THE STUDY OF HUMANITY FROM ITS EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS TO TODAY’S CULTURAL DIVERSITY. KEY CONCEPT. CULTURE KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO ACT AS A MEMBER OF SOCIETY KNOWLEDGE OF EXPECTATIONS KNOWLEDGE OF APPROPRIATE AND WRONGFUL ACTIONS. ANTHROPOLOGY.

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ANTHROPOLOGY

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  1. ANTHROPOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMANITY FROM ITS EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS TO TODAY’S CULTURAL DIVERSITY

  2. KEY CONCEPT • CULTURE • KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO ACT AS A MEMBER OF SOCIETY • KNOWLEDGE OF EXPECTATIONS • KNOWLEDGE OF APPROPRIATE AND WRONGFUL ACTIONS

  3. ANTHROPOLOGY • FOCUSES ON STUDY OF HUMANS AND ALL ASPECTS OF BEING HUMAN • FIELD HAS MANY CONCEPTS AND SUBJECTS IN COMMON WITH OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES • KEY CONCEPTS DISTINGUISH ANTHROPOLOGY FROM OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES

  4. KEY TERMS • SOCIETY • CULTURE • COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE • HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE • ETHNOCENTRISM • CULTURAL RELATIVISM • GLOBALIZATION

  5. SOCIETY • SHARED GEOGRAPHICAL TERRITORY • PEOPLE LIVING IN ORGANIZED GROUPS WITH SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND EXPECTATION OF BEHAVIOR • RELATIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS

  6. UNIQUE SOCIAL SCIENCE • Time Depth • Global Focus • Comparative Approach • Holistic • Four Field Approach • Core Concept of Culture • Globalization

  7. HOLISTIC • View Cultures from holistic perspective • Culture as integrated whole. • No part of culture can be studied in isolation • Study culture means studying the relationship between Things

  8. EXAMPLE OF HOLISM • Arrangement of Furniture in USA reflects core cultural value of individualism • Arrangement of rooms is directly related to marriage and family patterns which in turn related to way Americans earn a living • Individual bedrooms reflect value on individualism & consistent with an economy where families are dependent on individual wage earners

  9. COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE • Anthropology is basically comparative bases its findings on cultural data drawn from throughout the world and from throughout human history • Collect data about behavior and beliefs in many societies in order the diversity of human cultures • Also, to understand common patterns in ways people adapt to their environment, adjust to their neighbors, and develop cultural institutions

  10. BENEFITS OF COMPARATIVE VIEW Challenge commonly held assumptions about human life- ways based solely on European and North American perspective For Example “Marriage” Cultural Institution Monogamy not the preferred type of marriage in majority of societies

  11. CULTURE • Learned values, beliefs, rules of conduct shared to some extent by the members of society, that govern their behavior with one another and their thinking about themselves and the world. • Everything that people have, think, and do as members of a society • All cultures are comprised of material objects; ideas, values, attitudes and patterned ways of behaving.

  12. Four Fields • ARCHAEOLOGY • BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY • ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS • CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

  13. ARCHAEOLOGY • STUDY OF PAST CULTURES • PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC • RELAY ON EVIDENCE (ARTIFACTS) FROM MATERIAL CULTURE AND THE SITES WHERE PEOPLE LIVED • EVIDENCE REALS HOW PEOPLE LIVED AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GROUPS OF PEOPLE.

  14. ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS • STUDY OF LANGUAGE AND THE SPEAKERS USE OF LANGUAGE AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND OTHER ASPECTS OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY • CULTURE IS LEARNED THROUGH LANGUAGE • HISTORIC AND DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS

  15. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY • Biological Anthropology • Study of Human origins (evolution) and contemporary Human variation • Primate social organization • Interface between biology and culture. Ex Andes greater lung capacity adaptation to low oxygen

  16. HUMAN VARIATION • “Race” is always a social not a biological concept • Conventional Classification of “Races” is pseudoscience. • Hair texture, skin color and facial characteristics are arbitrary and randomly selected • Skin tone is function of evolutionary adaptation to climate • Race as conventionally used is wrong!

  17. APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGIST • MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGIST • BRIDGES DISCIPLINE OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND BIOLOGY • STUDIES SUSCEPTIBILITIES AND RESISTANCE OF CERTAIN POPULATION TO SPECIFIC DISEASE • STUDIES HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

  18. FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY • SUB-FIELD WITHIN BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY • ANALYZE HUMAN REMAINS IN SERVICE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND FAMILIES OF DISASTER VICTIMS • HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES • GENOCIDE

  19. APPLIED ARCHAEOLOGY • CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT • APPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY TO PRESERVE AND PROTECT HISTORIC STRUCTURES AND PREHISTORIC SITES • OUTGROWTH OF FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS TO PROTECT PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC SITES

  20. CONTRACT ARCHAEOLOGY • APPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY TO ASSES THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES • SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY

  21. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY • The ways people organize their living in societies • The study of cultural behavior in recent and contemporary cultures • Ethnology-building theories to explain cultural practices based on comparative study of societies throughout the world • Ethnography, a holistic intensive study of groups, through observation, interview and participation

  22. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY • ETHNOGRAPHY • ETHNOGRAPHER • FIELD WORK • PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

  23. ETHNOCENTRISM • The widespread human tendency to perceive to perceive the ways of doing things and beliefs about things in one’s culture as normal and natural and that of others as strange, inferior, and possibly un-natural • One’s own culture is superior, the best and others are inferior • Everybody everywhere is a little ethnocentric

  24. CULTURAL RELATIVISM • Counters Ethnocentrism • Stresses the importance of analyzing cultures in their own terms rather than in terms of the culture of the anthropologist • This does not mean that all cultural practices, cultural beliefs and behaviors can be condone • Different from ethical relativism—all right and wrong relative to time, place, and culture so that no moral judgments of behavior can be made

  25. GLOBALIZATION • DISTINGUISHES ANTHROPOLOGY FROM OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES • CULTURAL CONTACT AND CONTACT CHANGES SPECIFIC CULTURES • RAPID TRANSFORMATION OF CULTURES WORLD WIDE IN RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFLUENCES

  26. GLOBALIZATION • OCCURRED IN THE PAST WHEN STATES AND EMPIRES EXPANDED THEIR INFLUENCE BEYOND THEIR BOARDERS • COLONIALISM • CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZATION BASED ON INTERCONNECTED ECONOMIES CHANGE CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL

  27. AMERICANIZATION • BY PRODUCT OF GLOBALIZATION • THE SPREAD OF DOMINANT AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN CULTURAL PRACTICES, CONSUMERISM, CULTURAL ICONS, AND MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT

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